<p>The Patterson Homestead is a historic house museum located at 1815 Brown Street in Dayton, Ohio, United States. It was built in 1816 by American Revolutionary War veteran Colonel Robert Patterson.</p><br>
<p>The house was built using Federal architecture in several sections over forty years. In 1953, the house was donated to the city of Dayton and has been used for a variety of purposes. At present time, the museum has six rooms containing period artifacts and original Patterson family artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Robert Patterson&#39;s grandsons, John Henry Patterson and Frank Jefferson Patterson lived in the house as young children, and would eventually go on to found the National Cash Register Company (now NCR Corporation) in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and is currently operated by Dayton History.</p><br>
<p>The Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum is a 100-acre living history museum located on the site of a former rural crossroads village in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Founded by brothers Henry K. Landis and George Landis in 1925 and incorporated in 1941, it is now operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Its staff and volunteers collect, conserve, exhibit, and interpret Pennsylvania German material, culture, history and heritage from 1740 through 1940.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Planning for the Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum was undertaken during the early 1920s by brothers Henry K. Landis and George Landis, who had grown up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania during the 1870s and 1880s. With a shared interest in Pennsylvania history, and more specifically in Pennsylvania German history, they became active collectors of a range of historic artifacts, including antique furniture, arrowheads and other Native American relics, bullets, buttons, coins, Conestoga Wagons, dishes and glassware, farm equipment and tools, fossils, Fraktur, guns, pottery, and quilts. Following their retirement in 1924 from their respective careers as a mining and construction/sanitary engineer, the Landis brothers combined their respective collections at the Landis familys farm in Lancaster and, in 1925, officially opened many of their collected items to public viewing. As their holdings continued to grow and their educational attraction increased in popularity, they sought funding from the Carl Shurz Foundation to turn their buildings and collections into an official museum. The cultural attraction was then formally incorporated as the Landis Valley Museum in 1941, and a professional curator was hired to catalogue and display the brothers collection. The foundation also facilitated the construction of a farm implement barn, gunsmith&#39;s shop, tavern, and wagon shed.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the aging Landis brothers deeded the museum and property to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which transformed the operation into a living history museum by reconstructing historic structures on adjacent properties purchased by the state in order to develop educational programs that would show groups of teachers and school children, families, tour groups, and other visitors, firsthand, how Pennsylvania Germans lived, farmed and operated their manufacturing businesses during the 18th century. Guides who were specially trained in the performance of period tasks and making of period crafts, and then dressed in period costumes, were also then added as curators and staff continued to refine the museum&#39;s educational offerings.</p><br>
<h3>Heirloom Seed Project</h3><br>
<p>During the mid-1980s, museum staff launched an initiative to preserve the purity of heirloom seeds, which were grown and harvested on Pennsylvania German homesteads and small farms prior to 1940. As of 2019, three production plots, six display gardens, and two hoop houses are being used to save and replant select seeds from year to year, ensuring that these strains of vegetables and other plants remain free from the impacts of modern hybridization. The museum also maintains records which document where each seed originated, and makes select varieties of seed available for sale each year to the general public at the museum&#39;s Herb & Garden Faire.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits, educational programs and special events</h2><br>
<p>This living history museum, which is part of the Pennsylvania State Museum system, celebrates the many inventions developed in Pennsylvania&#39;s Lancaster County region, birthplace of the Conestoga wagon and the Pennsylvania longrifle (also known as the Kentucky longrifle). Visitors are able to learn how Conestoga Wagons were made, including the critical process of making spoked wheels, and how 18th-century gunsmiths manufactured rifle barrels. In addition, guides dressed in period costumes explain the traditions and folklore of Pennsylvania Germans who resided in the area between 1740 and 1940 while specially trained artisans demonstrate the procedures for craftmaking and open-hearth cooking.</p><br>
<p>The features of the museum include:</p><br>
<p>Visitor Center</p><br>
<p>Landis House & Stable (life during the Victorian Era, between 1870 and 1890)</p><br>
<p>Leatherworking Shop</p><br>
<p>Pottery Shop</p><br>
<p>Log Farm (life between 1760 and 1780)</p><br>
<p>Yellow Barn</p><br>
<p>Brick Farmstead (life between 1830 and 1850)</p><br>
<p>Erisman House</p><br>
<p>Blacksmith Shop</p><br>
<p>Tavern</p><br>
<p>Transportation Building</p><br>
<p>Gun Exhibit</p><br>
<p>Landis Valley House Hotel</p><br>
<p>Conestoga Wagon Shed</p><br>
<p>Maple Grove School</p><br>
<p>Farm Implement Shed</p><br>
<p>Steam Engine Building</p><br>
<p>Textile Processes & Garden</p><br>
<p>Country Store</p><br>
<p>Isaac Landis House, Barn & Feed Mill</p><br>
<p>Firehouse</p><br>
<p>Tin Shop</p><br>
<p>Landis Valley Museum Store</p><br>
<p>The museum also hosts a free annual bonfire with holiday caroling, as well as other special events throughout the year.</p><br>
<h3>Publications</h3><br>
<p>Crago, Carol, Chuck Greeholt, Mike Pengra, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, and Pennsylvania Commonwealth Media Services.. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Commonwealth Media Services, 1999 and 2000.</p><br>
<p>. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Museum (Heirloom Seed Project), 1997.</p><br>
<p>Herr, Patricia T., Stephen S. Miller, and Landis Valley Museum.. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Associates, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Landis, Henry K. and Elizabeth Johnson.. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and Landis Valley Associates, 1993.</p><br>
<p>Landis, Henry Kinzer and George Diller Landis.. Publication date circa 1944 (publisher&#39;s name and location not identified).</p><br>
<p>Landis Valley Associates.. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Landis Valley Museum.. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Museum, 1977.</p><br>
<p>Landis Valley Museum.. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Publisher unknown, 1942.</p><br>
<p>. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Associates, 1963, 1968.</p><br>
<p>. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Associates, 1969.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Staff.. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Spiese, Monica D. and Landis Valley Museum.. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Landis Valley Museum, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Supporters</h2><br>
<p>The Landis Valley Village & Farm Museum receives significant financial and volunteer assistance from the Landis Valley Associates, a 3,000-member non-profit community support organization. Members of the LVA receive complimentary museum admission and discounted admission to various special events, as well as discounts at the museum&#39;s store.</p><br>
<h2>Henry K. Landis</h2><br>
<p>Henry Kinzer Landis (1865–1955) was an editor, photographer, collector, and founder of the museum.</p><br>
<h3>Early life</h3><br>
<p>Landis was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to Henry Harrison Landis (1838–1926), a farmer, and Emma Caroline Diller (1842–1929), daughter of a prosperous farmer, in 1865. Henry was one of four children—George Diller (1867–1954), Nettie May (1879–1914), and Anna Margaretta, who died early in childhood.</p><br>
<p>The Landis family was historically typical Pennsylvania Dutch, originating as Swiss Mennonite folk with the earliest Landis antecedent living twelve miles south of Zurich, Switzerland in 1438. To escape religious persecution, in 1717, three Landis brothers—John, Jacob, and Felix—fled Switzerland. Jacob and Felix Landis established themselves in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania where the name Landis is prominent today.</p><br>
<p>Henry K. Landis (1865–1955) was raised on multi-generational family farm in a rather tumultuous environment of domestic strife. He attended local schools, and was eventually sent to Lititz Academy as a boarding student with his brother George. Afterwards, the two Landis brothers both matriculated at Lehigh University, but only Henry would graduate in ____ with a degree in Engineering. Landis’ sister Nettie was also educated locally and eventually attended a prep school in Brooklyn, New York.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, Landis took a canoe trip on the Juniata River in Pennsylvania with his brother George and H. Justin Roddy (1856-1943). A transcription of his Landis&#39;s diary entries about the trip, along with the photographs he took of the trip, were published in 1993 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission under the title: Canoeing on the Juniata, 1888.</p><br>
<h3>Career</h3><br>
<p>Landis worked as a mining engineer and educator for several years after he graduated (in the west?). His interest in photography developed at some point during college, but his picture snapping ripened.</p><br>
<p>Practicing as an engineer was short-lived as Henry eventually relocated to New York City where he worked as an editor of technical journals such as The Gas Age, a publication dedicated to the natural gas industry. Weekends were dedicated to photography whether in and around Manhattan and Brooklyn or in Port Washington on Long Island where he owned a houseboat and sailing vessel. He occasionally returned for vacations in Lancaster County.</p><br>
<p>Landis’ photography involved a wide range of subject matter including New York City architecture, street and immigrant life, posed-thematic character studies, self-portraits (some of which were in the nude) and a diversity of others.</p><br>
<h3>Retirement</h3><br>
<p>After several decades in New York City, Landis retired, returning to the family farm where his parents and unmarried siblings had lived for most of their lives. Landis and his brother George began collecting, packing their buildings with farming implements and the domestic artifacts of the culture that revolved around farming. They established an informal museum with Landis as the main guide. Establishing a reputation among the Pennsylvania German community, the Landis brothers were rescued as money and age threatened their museum and ultimately the security of their extensive collection. Gustav Oberlaender (1867–1936), a wealthy German-born Reading, Pennsylvania industrialist and President of the Berkshire Knitting Mills, founded and headed the Oberlaender Trust for Better Understanding Between Citizens of the United States and Germany. Oberlaender was also a Trustee of the Carl Schurz Memorial Association—an organization to honor Carl Schurz (1829–1906), a poster boy for American-German relations. Learning about the collection of the Landis brothers, the Oberlaender Trust incorporated the Landis Valley Museum in 1940, paying for the construction of new exhibition buildings. The museum opened in 1941. With the Oberlaender Trust facing money troubles and the advanced age of the Landis brothers, the museum was acquired by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and, eventually, administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), which in co-operation with the Landis Valley Associates still operates the facility today.</p><br>
<p>Landis, then in his eighties, retained life tenancy of their family home, retained some rights to the collections, and remained a lifetime curator. Landis died in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The North Dakota Mill and Elevator is the largest flour mill in the United States. It is located in the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the state government when it was led by Nonpartisan League representatives, it is the only state-owned milling facility in the United States. It is overseen by the North Dakota Industrial Commission, whose members are all public officers elected by popular vote.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Dakota Mill and Elevator Association started operations on October 22, 1922. The facility was built by the state as a way of bypassing what many area wheat farmers considered unfair business practices on the part of the railroads and milling facilities in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Immigrants especially felt that they were disadvantaged by the actions of major capitalists in the big cities.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the flour mills and grain exchange in Minneapolis were the primary wheat markets for North Dakotan farmers and elevators. After freight costs to Minneapolis were deducted from Minneapolis market prices, North Dakotan farmers received a low price for their wheat. The North Dakota Mill was established by the Nonpartisan League leaders, which then controlled the state government, to help solve this problem and benefit local farmers.</p><br>
<p>The North Dakota Mill facilities include seven milling units, a terminal elevator and a packing warehouse to prepare bagged products for shipment. The Mill&#39;s offerings include not only flour, but also newer products such as bread machine mixes, pancake mixes, and organic wheat products.</p><br>
<p>The Sturgis Pretzel House of Lititz, Pennsylvania, founded in 1861, is the oldest commercial pretzel bakery in the United States. The Julius Sturgis Pretzel Bakery remains active in pretzel production and is a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1850, Julius Sturgis owned a bread business in Lititz. That year, he provided a homeless man with dinner. According to legend, the homeless man had been on a train that went behind the bread business, and got off the train after seeing the bakery to get food and a job; however, Julius did not have a job available, but nonetheless fed the man. The man in return gave Julius a pretzel recipe. He had never baked pretzels before, so he tested the recipe out on his family and added pretzels to his bakery. By 1861 the recipe had proven to be so popular that Julius stopped his bakery to make pretzels; he started the first commercial pretzel business in the United States.</p><br>
<p>To this day the Sturgis family still bakes pretzels using the same recipe Julius used to start his pretzel bakery in 1861. Marriott Sturgis, born in 1910, was Juliuss grandson. He was nicknamed "Tom Sturgis" because he worked alongside his uncle Tom Keller and they had similar baking styles. Toms family moved to Reading, Pennsylvania where Tom continued to work in pretzel bakeries, eventually he—with his brother Correll—opened their own pretzel bakery in 1936 called Sturgis Brothers. However, Tom had to close down Sturgis Brothers due to the drafts for World War II.</p><br>
<p>After serving in a munitions factory during that war, Tom Sturgis continued the pretzel baking industry and opened another bakery called Tom Sturgis Pretzels. The business is still in operation today, run by Toms grandson, Bruce Sturgis. The Sturgis family also manages Julius Sturgiss original pretzel bakery.</p><br>
<p>The bakery was visited by childrens television host Fred Rogers on a 1981 episode of Mister Rogers Neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Besides being the first commercial pretzel bakery in the United States, the Sturgis Pretzel House has a long history. The building was built in 1784 by a man named Peter Kreiter (original inscription: "Er Bauet Von Peterkreiter") and is one of the original structures in Lititz. The house was built from stones taken from the streets and from the surrounding timber forest; it had windows to fire muskets to prevent against Native American attacks. The Julius Sturgis Pretzel Bakery is on the list of National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Since 1850, pretzels have been made in Lititz with a recipe derived from French monasteries.</p><br>
<p>University Chapel  of Washington and Lee University is a National Historic Landmark in Lexington, Virginia. It was constructed during 1867–68 at the request of Robert E. Lee, who was president of the school , and after whom the university is, in part, named. The Victorian brick architectural design was probably the work of Lees son, George Washington Custis Lee, with details contributed by Col. Thomas Williamson, an architect and professor of engineering at the neighboring Virginia Military Institute. Upon completion and during Robert E. Lees lifetime it was known as the College Chapel. Lee was buried beneath the chapel in 1870.</p><br>
<h2>Recumbent statue of Lee</h2><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the apse of the chapel—in the place where an altar is located in the traditional plan of a Christian church—is a statue of Lee, in his uniform, asleep on an unnamed Civil War battlefield. The "Recumbent Lee" is by sculptor Edward Valentine whose statue of Lee, formerly displayed as one of Virginias representatives in National Statuary Hall, was removed from the USA Capitol, and whose statues of Jefferson Davis were removed from Richmond, Virginias Monument Avenue and New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>The recumbent statue was unveiled and dedicated as the main feature of the chapel on June 28, 1883. The keynote speaker, John W. Daniel, soon to be a USA senator from Virginia, and filling in for the absent Jefferson Davis, said of Robert E. Lees decision to lead the armed forces of Virginia at the outset of the Civil War, "Since the Son of Man stood upon the Mount, and saw all the kingdoms of the earth and the glory thereof stretched before him, and turned away from them to the agony and bloody sweat of Gethsemane, and to the Cross of Calvary beyond, no follower of the meek and lowly Saviour can have undergone more trying ordeal. Thus, with as chaste a heart as ever plighted its faith until death, for better or for worse, came to do, to suffer, and to die for us." Reflecting upon Lees death and its aftermath, Daniel continued, " has left a great, imperishable legacy to us and our heirs forever. The heart of man is his perpetual kingdom. There he reigns transcendent, and we exclaim: Oh, king, live forever." Daniel lamented that Lee had died a prisoner on parole, his American citizenship never fully restored: "The country which gave the right of suffrage to the alien ere he could speak its language, and to the African freedman ere he could read or understand its laws, denied to him the privilege of a ballot... himself and his Commander-in-Chief constituting the most conspicuous of its political slaves." Washington and Lee History Professor Ted DeLaney, who was born and grew up in Lexington during Jim Crow and was the first Black chair of W&L&#39;s history department, in 2019 offered his opinion of the Robert E. Lee statue and its placement in the chapel: "The symbolism there is a violation of the first commandment."</p><br>
<h2>Building and history</h2><br>
<p>On the chapel walls, on either side of the statue chamber alcove, are two paintings: one of President George Washington by Gilbert Stuart from 1796, and another of Lee painted by J. Reid, from 1866. In 2018, these replaced a portrait of Washington by Charles Willson Peale from the Washington family collections, and another of Lee in his uniform, painted by Edward Pine, in order to reflect the time periods of the association of each university namesake with the school. There is also a plaque given by the Sigma Society on one of the walls that honors two Sigma alumni from the classes of 1912 and 1915 who lost their lives in World War I.</p><br>
<p>In the basement a crypt (added after Lees burial) contains the remains of much of Lees direct family: Lee himself, his wife Mary Anna Custis Lee, his seven children—George Washington Custis Lee, Mary Custis Lee, William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, Anne Carter Lee, Robert E. Lee Jr., Eleanor Agnes Lee, and Mildred Childe Lee, and his parents—Revolutionary War Major-General Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, and Anne Hill Carter Lee. Lees favorite horse, Traveller, is buried just outside the Chapel, where many visitors leave coins, apples, and other tributes. In the basement of the Chapel is a museum that illuminates the history of the families of George Washington and Robert E. Lee as well as that of the university itself. Lees office has been meticulously preserved almost exactly as it was when he died.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel plays a role in the modern operation of Washington and Lee. It seats about 600 in its main area and in a small, three-sided balcony. First-year students have assembled there to hear the president of the Universitys student-run Executive Committee speak on the schools Honor System. Important school-wide lectures, concerts, and other notable activities are held there from time to time. For many years the schools annual convocation of Omicron Delta Kappa, or ODK, a national honor society founded at Washington and Lee on December 3, 1914, was held in the Chapel on or about Robert E. Lees birthday, January 19, in conjunction with a board of trustees-mandated university holiday/Lee commemoration called "Founders Day," a version of the Robert E. Lee Day birthday holiday still officially celebrated in a few southern states. In 2014, Confederate flags surrounding the Lee statue in the Chapel were removed after student petitions. At that time, Robert E. Lees great-grandson and 1949 W&L alumnus Robert E. Lee IV wrote in favor of this change, saying, "In my view, removing the flags from the statuary chamber is overdue." Since 2018, large doors placed before the chamber housing the statue of Lee are closed for most university events, obscuring the chamber and statue, keeping it "functionally separate from the chapels assembly hall" at those times, with the stated intention that in doing so the chapel can be "welcoming to all members of our community."</p><br>
<p>University Chapel was officially renamed from Lee Chapel on June 4, 2021, by the universitys board of trustees. The university also announced the discontinuation of its school holiday known as "Founders Day," held on Robert E. Lees birthday, and significant upcoming redesign and renovations of the Chapel to be overseen by the board "to restore its unadorned design and physically separate the auditorium from the Lee family crypt and Lee memorial sculpture."</p><br>
<p>University Chapel, then known as Lee Chapel, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Novelist Ralph Ellison became the first African American to speak there in 1963. There is currently no schedule of public tours.</p><br>
<p>Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park in Dayton, Ohio that commemorates three important historical figures&mdash;Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright, and poet Paul Laurence Dunbar&mdash;and their work in the Miami Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Park history</h2><br>
<p>The idea for the present-day Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park was first conceived by Jerry Sharkey. Much of the Dayton neighborhood where Orville and Wilbur Wright had lived and worked had already been destroyed by the 1970s. Neglect, riots during the 1960s, and a highway project through the city had leveled much of the neighborhood. Decades earlier, Henry Ford had also relocated one of the Wrights&#39; bicycle shops from Dayton to its present location in Greenfield Village, Michigan, for display.</p><br>
<p>Sharkeys quest to preserve the Wright brothers legacy began when he purchased their last surviving bicycle shop in Dayton for just $10,000, which saved the building from demolition. He also founded the Aviation Trail Inc., a nonprofit group dedicated to the creation of a potential national park or historic district encompassing the Wright brothers&#39; buildings. Sharkey enlisted the help of local political and media figures to lobby for the creation of the park. Notable figures who supported its creation included the descendants of the Wright brothers, aviation historian Tom Crouch, USA District Judge Walter H. Rice, then-USA Rep. Dave Hobson, Dayton Daily News publisher Brad Tillson, and Michael Gessel, an aide to former USA Rep. Tony P. Hall. The group lobbied federal officials and the National Park Service to incorporate the landmarks related to the Wright brothers, which are scattered throughout the city, into a new historic trail.</p><br>
<p>The USA Congress passed legislation to establish the new park. In 1992, President George H. W. Bush signed the bill which created the Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park into law. In addition to the Wright brothers sites, the new park also preserved the home of Paul Laurence Dunbar, an acclaimed African-American poet and friend of the Wright brothers. Jerry Sharkey donated the Wright brothers bicycle shop, which he had saved from demolition, to the National Park Service as part of the agreement to create the park.</p><br>
<p>A new visitor center was constructed in 2003 in time for the centennial of the Wright brothers&#39; first flight. Jerry Sharkey, who had first conceived of the future historic park, died in April 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Biographical backgrounds</h2><br>
<h3>The Wright Brothers</h3><br>
<p>Through the invention of powered flight, Wilbur and Orville Wright made significant contributions to human history. In their Dayton, Ohio, bicycle shops, the Wright brothers, who self-trained in the science and art of aviation, researched and built the world&#39;s first power-driven, heavier-than-air machine capable of free, controlled, and sustained flight. The Wrights also perfected their invention during 1904 and 1905 at the Huffman Prairie Flying Field near their hometown of Dayton.</p><br>
<h3>Paul Laurence Dunbar</h3><br>
<p>Paul Laurence Dunbar achieved national and international acclaim in a literary world that was almost exclusively reserved for whites, producing a body of work that included novels, plays, short stories, lyrics, and over 400 published poems. His work, which reflected much of the African American experience in the United States, contributed to a growing social consciousness and cultural identity for African Americans. Although he died in 1906, his writings contributed to later developments in African American history, such as the Harlem Renaissance and the early Civil Rights Movement. He was a neighbor and lifelong friend of Wilbur and Orville Wright.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The park is a cooperative effort between the National Park Service and several partners. The sites are:</p><br>
<p>The Wright Cycle Company Complex in Dayton, which includes the Wright Cycle Company building, the Wright-Dunbar Interpretive Center and the Aviation Trail Visitor Center and Museum</p><br>
<p>Huffman Prairie Flying Field and the Huffman Prairie Flying Field Interpretive Center, both located within Wright-Patterson Air Force Base just northeast of Dayton in Fairborn, Ohio, but operated by the National Park Service and open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Wright Company factory, opened in 1910 as the first airplane factory and school</p><br>
<p>The Wright Brothers Aviation Center at Carillon Historical Park in Dayton, operated by Dayton History</p><br>
<p>The Paul Laurence Dunbar State Memorial in Dayton, operated by Dayton History on behalf of Ohio History Connection</p><br>
<p>Hawthorn Hill, the 1914-1948 residence of Orville Wright, located just south of Dayton in Oakwood, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park is located within the National Aviation Heritage Area, an eight-county region in Ohio established as a National Heritage Area by Congress in 2004. The USA Department of the Interior listed three units of the park (Huffman Prairie Flying Field, Wright Hall and the 1905 Wright Flyer, and the Wright Cycle Company and Wright and Wright Printing building) on the 2008 USA World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Dayton Aviation Sites listing. The park is a central component of the National Aviation Heritage Area.</p><br>
<p>Eccles Avenue Historic District, also known as the David Eccles Subdivision, is a historic neighborhood located between 25th and 26th streets and Jackson and Van Buren Avenues in Ogden, Utah, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Most of the architecturally significant homes were built between 1910 and 1930 with the majority of the larger homes built during the initial settlement decade. Original inhabitants included families Browning (first generation descendants of gun inventor John Browning and Matthew S. Browning), Eccles (first generation descendants of 19th century multi-millionaire David Eccles), E.O. Wattis (of the Utah Construction Company), Patterson, Dumke, Healy, Rowe, Larkin among other Utah (and national) notables. On Van Buren Avenue to the north but not included in the district are also the substantial Ralph Bristol House and the Gustav Becker House. Several families in the district also had patriarchal ties (Eccles, Patterson, Healy, Wattis, and Bigelow) in the Jefferson Avenue Historic District to the west.</p><br>
<p>The district was also later home to notables such as Marriner S. Eccles, a Chairman of the Federal Reserve and co-founder of First Security Bank (Marriner Browning, an original inhabitant of the district was also a founder.)</p><br>
<p>The architects of these buildings are listed as Hodgson, Leslie S. and Piers, Eber F. Hodgson was part of a later firm, Hodgson & McClenahan, that developed the famous Ogden Art Deco buildings, including Ogden High School, the USA Forest Service Building and Ogden/Weber Municipal Building. Other noteworthy projects included the Union Stock Yard Exchange Building, Shupe-Williams Candy Company Factory, Scowcroft Warehouse, Peery&#39;s Egyptian Theatre, Peery Apartments, Patterson Building, and Eccles Building.</p><br>
<p>Most of the substantial buildings in the Eccles Avenue Historic District were based on the Prairie School architectural style, but several variations of period styles exist including craftsman, bungalow and Tudor. A few of the buildings are currently commercially utilized but the majority are privately owned residential dwellings.</p><br>
<p>The Bigelow Hotel is a historic hotel located at 2510 Washington Blvd. in Ogden, Utah, United States. Opened in 1927, it was known from 1933-2017 as the Ben Lomond Hotel. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is notable for its Italian Renaissance Revival architectural significance and as the setting of historical events.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was a member of Choice Hotels&#39; Ascend Collection. In 2019 it was converted to The Bigelow Apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bigelow Hotel opened in 1927. It has remained the largest hotel in the city of Ogden since the time of its construction. It is considered one of three "grand hotels" in Utah. The other two hotels are the former Hotel Utah and the now-demolished Newhouse Hotel.</p><br>
<p>On the site of the Bigelow previously stood another hotel, the five-story Reed Hotel (1891). A. Peery, a local businessman, decided to build a modern hotel in its place. A corporation with 300 shareholders was organized for the funding and management of the project. The hotel was originally named for local banker Archie P. Bigelow.</p><br>
<p>The architectural firm of Hodgson & McClenahan, notable for other fine works in Ogden, was hired to draw plans for the hotel. Other projects done by this firm include Peery&#39;s Egyptian Theatre, Ogden High School, Ogden/Weber Municipal Building, the Regional Forest Service Building, Stock Exchange Building and several Prairie School residences in the Eccles Avenue Historic District. The construction cost for the building has been stated at $1,250,000 in 1927.</p><br>
<p>It is a fine example of the Italian Renaissance Revival style, common in the 1920s, but unusual for Utah. The building stands as a prime example of the growth and economic development in Ogden during that decade. The exterior was finished in a terra cotta style, highly ornamented, especially on the sides that face 25th Street and Washington Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Inside, themes ranged from an Arabic-style coffee shop to a Florentine Palace ballroom. A meeting room for businessmen&#39;s clubs offered a touch of old Spain, while the English Room used old wood paneling influenced by a room in Bromley Palace, England. The Georgian Room was decorated in Adamesque style, but the Shakespeare Room, with murals painted by local artist LeConte Stewart, was the jewel of the Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel gained national attention when, in 1928, it played host to the Western Democrats convention. The Western States "Smith for President" campaign signaled to Democratic leaders that Alfred E. Smith would be a force in the presidential election of 1928. This event was covered in the October 3, 1927 issue of Time.</p><br>
<p>Marriner S. Eccles acquired the Bigelow Hotel in 1933 and renamed it the Ben Lomond Hotel. It remained a functional hotel for more than 40 years. Several owners, including Weber County, have used it for different purposes, including offices. Radisson purchased the hotel in the 1980s and refurbished it. The hotel returned to its original name, after more than 80 years, in 2017. In 2019, the hotel was converted into an apartment complex, making it the last of Utah&#39;s trio of "grand hotels" to cease its original function.</p><br>
<p>Historic Rock Ford, comprising the General Edward Hand Mansion and the John J. Snyder, Jr. Gallery of Early Lancaster County Decorative Arts, is located in southeastern Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Although the property is surrounded by Lancaster County Central Park, it is privately owned and operated by the Rock Ford Foundation, a 501 not-for-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>Owned by Edward Hand, an adjutant general to George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, this house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Georgian-style brick mansion was built in 1794, and its architecture has since remained largely unchanged. All four floors conform to the same plan, a center hall and four corner rooms, as was typical of the period. Historic Rock Ford stands on the banks of the Conestoga River, 1 mi southeast of the center of Lancaster. General Edward Hand and his wife Katherine Hand lived at Rock Ford with their seven children from 1794 until his death in 1802, and then her death in 1805.</p><br>
<p>After being sold from the Hand Estate in 1810, the property was operated as a tenant farm into the mid-twentieth century. The tenant farmers who lived here for roughly one hundred and fifty years made almost no changes to the house.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Historic Rock Ford is widely considered to be one of the most important examples of Georgian domestic architecture surviving in Pennsylvania and the most intact building predating 1800 in Lancaster County. The mansion&#39;s elegant rooms are furnished with an outstanding collection of period furnishings and decorative arts. The mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and also is recorded in the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<p>Rock Ford was saved from destruction by the Junior League in 1958; the house was renovated and restored to become an historic house museum. Rock Ford Foundation was established as a nonprofit to operate the museum.</p><br>
<p>Today, visitors may come to Historic Rock Ford for guided tours to learn what it was like to live on the property between 1794 and 1805. The house is set up to reflect the inventory of the house when Hand died in 1802.</p><br>
<p>Visitors may also view the Kauffman collection of Lancaster County Pennsylvania Long Rifles, which are also on display. The gallery exhibits decorative arts from the eras of the Revolutionary War and the Early American Republic, circa 1760 to 1820, a period roughly congruent with the Hand family&#39;s residence in Lancaster.</p><br>
<p>The Nippon Kan Theatre is a former Japanese theater in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is located in the Kobe Park Building at 628 S. Washington Street, in the Japantown section of Seattle&#39;s International District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nippon Kan Company was formed on January 30, 1908 by several leading businessmen of Seattle&#39;s Japanese community, including banker Tatsuya Arai and shipper Heiji Okuda, to fund the construction of a building that would serve as a meeting hall, theater and dormitory for new immigrants. The building, had it been completed on time, would have also served as an information center and rest stop for Japanese tourists coming to the city to visit the Alaska-Yukon Exposition. The Nippon Kan commissioned architects Thompson & Thompson to design a 4-story (including basement) building, containing retail facing Washington Street on the ground floor, a theater and more retail facing Maynard Avenue on the second floor and hotel rooms above. The same firm would be responsible for many buildings throughout the International District.</p><br>
<p>By the time construction finally started on the $80,000 building in 1909, the project was now under the control of the Japanese Association of Washington, with Charles T. Takahashi as president, Heiji Okuda as vice-president and S. Hyashi as treasurer. The building was officially dedicated in January 1910. Nippon Kan was initially the name of both the theater and the hotel in the building, though by 1912 the hotel was renamed the Astor, which it would remain until the late 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Nippon Kan Theater served as a de facto Japanese community center in Seattle prior to World War II. It was busy several nights a week with actors and musicians from Japan, movies, concerts, judo and kendo competitions, and community meetings. The Asahi News, Seattle&#39;s only Japanese daily, was published in the building. The theater was boarded up in 1942 during the Japanese American internment, but reopened in 1981 through the restorative efforts of Seattle architect Edward M. Burke and his wife Betty. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 it was sold to ABC Legal Services and was used as converted office space. A replica of the curtain hangs on the wall along with several historic photographs. Its original closure has been attributed to the decreasing number of people of Japanese descent in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>The theater&#39;s original stage curtain (used 1909–1915) survives, and now serves a similar purpose on the stage of the Tateuchi Story Theater of the nearby Wing Luke Museum. The curtain covered with advertisements was rediscovered in the 1970s. Because it used an asbestos material, it is now encased in a resin.</p><br>
<p>In 2024, during a grand reopening event, Seattle mayor Bruce Harrell declared May 23 to be Nippon Kan Theatre Day.</p><br>
<p>Spanish Fort, also known as Old Spanish Fort, Fort St. Jean, and Fort St. John , is a historic place in New Orleans, Louisiana, formerly the site of a fort and later an amusement park.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations have discovered that the fort location was a site of the Pre-Columbian Marksville culture dating back to circa 300 CE, with continued occupation afterwards. A large shell midden was used as the base under the early Colonial fort.</p><br>
<h2>The fort</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial era fort protected the Lake Pontchartrain entrance of Bayou St. John. The first small fort here was erected by the French in 1701, before the founding of the city of New Orleans, to protect the important trade route along Bayou St. John. After Louisiana passed to Spanish control, a larger brick fort was constructed at the site of the neglected old French fortification; this was known as San Juan del Bayou. Louisiana passed back to France and then to the hands of the United States. The fort was decommissioned in 1823.</p><br>
<h2>From fort to amusement park</h2><br>
<p>The land was bought by private developers, and became a popular amusement park, known as "Spanish Fort" or "Old Spanish Fort". It featured restaurants, a casino, a resort hotel, dancing pavilions, an alligator pond, and in its later decades amusement rides such as the "Scenic railway", a roller coaster. A steam railway, and later an electric streetcar system, connected the lakeside resort with the center of the city. It was especially popular during the summer for the cooling breezes of the Lake. It was billed as the "Coney Island of the South".</p><br>
<p>From about 1880 to 1908 the small iron submarine now in the collection of the Louisiana State Museum was on display here, identified as the Confederate war submarine "Pioneer". (Recent investigations have called the traditional identification into question, making the curious early submarine even more of a mystery; see: Bayou St. John submarine.)</p><br>
<p>"Over the Rhine", a German restaurant and beer garden, was a popular attraction, as were dances by Paolettis Orchestra. Tranchinas Restaurant and Brown&#39;s Ice Cream Parlor often featured live bands. The park had two cabarets, "Tokyo Gardens" and "The Frolics".</p><br>
<p>In the parks later decades, a number of early jazz bands played here. Armand J. Pirons New Orleans Orchestra was a regular; Papa Celestins band filled in while Piron was in New York. Pianist Steve Lewis performed not only with Pirons band, but also did solos and duets with singer New Orleans Willie Jackson. Johnny Bayersdorffers Jazzola Novelty Orchestra and Johnny Millers New Orleans Frolicers were also regulars.</p><br>
<h2>End of the amusement park</h2><br>
<p>Starting in the late 1920s, a project reclaimed land from Lake Pontchartrain, extending the shoreline out away from the old fort. The city&#39;s main amusement park became Pontchartrain Beach.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, the location was converted into a public park. The name ″Spanish Fort″ was used because the only thing known about its history at the time was that it had been built by the Spanish.</p><br>
<p>The site of Spanish Fort, mostly a brick ruin, can still be seen along the upper side of the Bayou just back from Allen Toussaint Boulevard, adjacent to what is now the "Floral Park" section of the Lake Vista neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Nott Memorial is an elaborate 16-sided stone-masonry building which serves as both architectural and physical centerpiece of Union College in Schenectady, New York. Dedicated to Eliphalet Nott, president of Union for sixty-two years , the 110 ft high by 89 ft wide structure is a National Historic Landmark, noted for its Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Officially designated Nott Memorial Hall but referred to by generations of students and faculty simply as "The Nott", the buildings centrality and initial design trace back to Josef Ramees 1813 conception of the school grounds, the first planned college campus in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial was designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter, architect of area churches and homes, alumnus of the college, and grandson of President Nott. Construction began in 1858 and was completed in 1879. The result is one of very few 16-sided buildings in the world. The only other building in the Northeastern United States with such a distinction is Vermont&#39;s Round Church.</p><br>
<p>For nearly a century the Nott was mostly open inside. In 1961 the college moved its bookstore into the basement and configured the first two floors into theater in the round. The upper floors were eventually closed off and fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1993 the college began a complete renovation of the Nott, restoring it to its original design. The award-winning project was undertaken by noted Boston based architecture firm Finegold Alexander & Associates and carried out by A. J. Martini Inc., contractors. The bookstore and theater were moved to other locations on the campus, and in 1995 the Nott reopened on the celebration of Union&#39;s 200th anniversary.</p><br>
<p>Once again, the center of the Nott is completely open to the top of its dome 102 ft overhead. The main floor is a meeting room with seating for up to 400; the second and third levels ring the space and include galleries and informal meeting places for students. Two-hundred eighty-eight restored stained glass windows bathe the interior in colored light. Atop the dome a quotation in colored slate from Rabbi Tarfon, found in the Talmud&#39;s Pirkei Avot 2:15, which proclaims in Hebrew: "The day is short, and the work is plentiful, and the laborers are indolent, and the reward is great, and the master of the house is insistent."</p><br>
<p>The Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was further declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<h3>Mandeville Gallery</h3><br>
<p>The Mandeville Gallery opened in 1995 following the major restoration of the Nott Memorial and is located on the second floor. The Mandeville Gallery presents changing exhibitions featuring nationally recognized, contemporary artists exploring modern issues.</p><br>
<p>The Wikoff Student Gallery is located on the third floor of the Nott Memorial and presents changing exhibitions featuring the work of current, full-time Union College students.</p><br>
<p>Due to the unusual architecture of the Nott Memorial, the Mandeville Gallery provides a unique environment for viewing exhibitions. The Gallery is a mezzanine, open to the floors above and below, and is composed of two semi-circular areas of viewing, creating an atypical but creative gallery venue.</p><br>
<p>Deep Eddy Pool is a historic man-made swimming pool in Austin, Texas. Deep Eddy is the oldest swimming pool in Texas and features a bathhouse built during the Depression era by the Works Progress Administration. The pool began as a swimming hole in the Colorado River, became a resort in the 1920s, and is today a popular swimming pool operated by the City of Austin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Private ownership</h3><br>
<p>Deep Eddy began as a swimming hole located along the banks of the Colorado River which flows through Austin. It takes its name from an eddy that was formed by a large limestone outcropping which once jutted out into the river. In 1902, siblings Mary and Henry Johnson established the Deep Eddy Bathing Beach on the property (which was owned by their father). At that time the property was located outside of Austin, but was a short walk from the end of the city&#39;s electric trolley car line. Along with boating, camping, and fishing, amenities included a zip line, a dancing pavilion, and a horse-powered merry-go-round. In this era, before the advent of widespread public parks, the Deep Eddy Bathing Beach served as a "privately owned recreation area open to the public."</p><br>
<p>In 1915, the business and land were sold to A.J. Eilers and Partners. Eilers then hired contractors Max Brueggerman and William Maufrias to build a concrete pool which opened during the summer of 1916. George Rowley, a partner of Eilers and a former movie theater owner from San Antonio, was hired to manage the business; he and his family moved into the caretakers house on the property. A wooden bathhouse was built, as well as nineteen wooden rental cottages which replaced the campsites on the hill overlooking the pool. Under Rowleys management, the Deep Eddy Bathing Beach was "as much carnival ground as swimming pool". A Ferris wheel was built, as well as a 70-foot slide that emptied into the pool. There were "springboards, a flying trapeze, flying rings, horizontal bars and a forty-foot diving tower." Free silent movies were shown on a movie screen that was installed in the park adjacent to the pool, and a variety of entertainers performed such as Fred Lowery, Marcia Burke the "World Champion Diving Baby", and Jack Freith "the Human Fish" who ate food while underwater. Perhaps the most popular performer was Lorena and Her Diving Horse. The act, which was performed regularly each evening, saw Lorena, astride her horse, dive off a specially built platform into a canvas-lined tank 30 to 50 feet below.</p><br>
<h3>Public ownership</h3><br>
<p>In May 1935, the City of Austin bought the property for $10,000. Less than a month after the purchase, a massive flood on the Colorado River destroyed the bathhouse and other improvements, and filled the pool with mud and debris. The Works Progress Administration and the city of Austin jointly funded the building of a new bathhouse, which was designed by Austin architects Dan Driscoll and Delmar Groos. The new bathhouse was a mixture of Moderne and Rustic architectural styles; a relatively simple, L-shaped, single story building of rough-hewn and locally quarried limestone. The "pagoda-like roof", consisting of three metal platforms of decreasing size topped with a twenty-foot spire, covered only the reception area at the intersection of the two wings where swimmers paid their entry fees. At the center of this area sat an octagonal wood and limestone ticket counter, and above it hung a "wagon wheel, ringed with lights, suspended by chains." The mens and womens dressing rooms were located on either side of the entryway and were open to the elements. Initial plans called for the entire structure to be roofed, but the roofs over the dressing areas were removed from the plans when the project went overbudget. Using less space, the new bathhouse could accommodate more bathers than the private dressing rooms or cabanas which it replaced, and this economy was "passed on to the public through lower usages fees." The pool and bathhouse opened as a public park in July 1936.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the city has put the property to a variety of uses. While the pool continues in operation, the city separated the western edge of the land as a park and playground named after A.J. Eilers. In 1962, the Austin Natural Science Center moved into the eastern portion of the bathhouse and significant alterations to the building were made. The patio on the southeastern side of the building was covered, and animal pens were installed along the outside of the eastern wall. Educational programs were hosted there, and exhibits on native Texas wildlife were on display. The western side of the bathhouse, however, remained dedicated to pool activities. After the Natural Science Center moved to Zilker Park in the 1980s, the building was used as office space until it was discovered that structural problems with the roof made it unsafe to occupy. Consequently, that portion of the bathhouse became a "forgotten city asset" until an effort to restore the bathhouse was spearheaded by the Friends of Deep Eddy group in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, for safety reasons, the city removed the 70-year-old, 50 ft cottonwoods that surrounded the pool. In 2012 the City of Austin rebuilt the pool due to stubborn leaks in the pool shell which had been patched repeatedly. Work crews poured a new bottom on both sides of the pool, and repaired small cracks and leaks. The pool&#39;s west end was smoothed and lengthened and a beach-type (zero-depth) entry was created. The project also included the widening of the pool deck, the addition of another pump outlet, as well as a new wrought iron fence and new lifeguard stands.</p><br>
<p>Deep Eddy Pool is listed as a historic landmark on the National Register of Historic Places and has been the inspiration of various works of art. Architectural design elements were replicated by Dan Driscoll in his design of the Barton Springs Pool Bathhouse in 1946, Texas musician Jimmie Dale Gilmore wrote the song "Deep Eddy Blues" about the pool and the nearby bar, the Deep Eddy Cabaret.</p><br>
<h2>The pool today</h2><br>
<p>Deep Eddy Pool is popular with adult recreational swimmers for its lap swimming pool and with children for its large wading pool. The 600,000-gallon freshwater pool is divided into two sections, the water in each section is cleaned out and replaced every other day. The pool is fed with clear, cold water from two wells, one at 300 ft and a second new one at 400 ft, and is not chlorinated. Water temperature varies between 68 and 75 °F (20 and 25 °C). The lap swimming pool is generally open during daylight hours all year, In summer months, the pool sponsors Splash Party Movie Nights, showing family films on an inflatable movie screen visible by swimmers and waders. The pool supports a number of sporting events, including the Deep Eddy Mile swimming competition.</p><br>
<h2>Bathhouse restoration</h2><br>
<p>Since the 1960s, two thirds of the original bathhouse had been closed to swimmers and put to various uses by the City of Austin. During this time, rather than enter through the original reception area, visitors entered around the side of the bathhouse and paid their fee at an exterior counter. From there they could use one of two dressing rooms which had been carved out of the original mens dressing room. Over time, the repurposed portions of the bathhouse, namely the original entryway and womens dressing room, fell into disrepair and were boarded up. In 2002, the Friends of Deep Eddy, a non-profit association of swimmers and other parks advocates, began a fundraising campaign to renovate the bathhouse to its historic condition. An initial inspection in the spring of 2003 found that the roof was near total collapse and the site was infested by vermin.</p><br>
<p>Austin-based architects, Laurie Limbacher and Al Godfrey, were hired to perform the restoration work. Although their preservation plan restored the building to its original configuration, several alterations were made to improve conditions for swimmers and staff. A decorative metal gable was installed around the womens dressing room to enhance privacy while maintaining the roofless nature of the structure. A lounge for lifeguards and a managers office were also added. A concrete-cooling system, which pumps cold water from the pool beneath the floor of the lobby, was installed to keep the room comfortable during the summertime without the use of air conditioning. Final construction and reopening of the bathhouse took place in June 2007. In the end, over 700 individuals and businesses contributed to the project. According to the Austin Chronicle, the Friends of Deep Eddy established "a model for future Austin public works."</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<h2>Works cited</h2><br>
<p>Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park is a Florida State Park and historic site located on the former homestead of Pulitzer Prize-winning Florida author Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings . A National Historic Landmark, it is located in Cross Creek, Florida, between Ocala and Gainesville at 18700 South County Road 325.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park is located on the eastern shore of Orange Lake, a short way south of the village of Cross Creek. The park is about 8 acre in size, but is adjacent to public lands totalling about 115 acre historically part of the Rawlings property. A public parking area and boat ramp are located south of the house, gardens, and outbuildings of the Rawlings home. The home is a rambling single-story wood-frame structure, whose central core is a dogtrot house dating to the 19th century. Other buildings include a pump house, barn, and a small tenant house. Of these, only the pump house is also of 19th-century origin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, a native of Washington, DC, and her husband Charles purchased a 75 acre orange grove in 1929, including the old dogtrot house. They set about enlarging and adapting the house to their use, and both developed their careers as writers. Marjorie first achieved significant notice with stories published in Scribner&#39;s Magazine, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1939 for The Yearling. Her writing was infused with details from the central Florida region where she made her home.</p><br>
<p>Upon her death in 1953, the property was bequeathed to a foundation of the University of Florida. It has been managed by the state ever since, the house opening to the public in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Park activities</h2><br>
<p>Activities include hiking and hourly tours Thursday through Sunday, at 10 a.m. 11 a.m. and from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m., except in August and September. Amenities include two short hiking trails and park employees that bring 1930s rural Florida to life with period clothing and stories. In addition, guests are invited to pick and sample oranges from the many trees within the property.</p><br>
<p>Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). The cost is $3 per car to enter the park.</p><br>
<p>The Steuben House is a noted example of Bergen Dutch sandstone architecture, located at New Bridge Landing on the Hackensack River in River Edge, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was confiscated from Loyalist Jan Zabriskie, and served as a military headquarters through much of the Revolutionary War. General George Washington made it his headquarters, September 4 to 17, 1780. Following the war, it was given to Major General Baron von Steuben, who occupied it from 1783 to 1788.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970, for its significance in architecture and military history. The Steuben Estate Complex, a 6 acre national historic district, was listed on December 9, 1980, for its significance in architecture, exploration/settlement, and invention. In addition to the Steuben House, the district includes three historic buildings moved from other sites. Named the Ackerman–Zabriskie–Steuben House, it was listed as part of the Early Stone Houses of Bergen County Multiple Property Submission (MPS) on January 10, 1983, for its significance in architecture and exploration/settlement. The Bergen County Historical Society opens the New Jersey State Historic site and two other sandstone houses and barn to the public for special events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Steuben House has long been esteemed a Revolutionary landmark. Its architecture and historic furnishings recall the Bergen Dutch, an agricultural community whose language and culture blended contributions from Dutch, Angolan African, German, English, French, Scotch and Scandinavian settlers. At a place known originally as Aschatking (where the river narrows), about 10 mi above the head of Newark Bay, a Swedish land-clearer named Cornelius Mattyse acquired 420 acre at the juncture of Tantaquas Creek (Coles Brook) and the Hackensack River, in 1682.</p><br>
<p>This was called Tantaquas Plain, where a Hackensack sachem of that name resided with his kinfolk. David Ackerman, residing in the village of Hackensack, purchased the land from Matheus Corneliuson, son of Cornelius Matheus of Hackensack River, in 1695. He devised that portion of this tract of land lying east of Kinderkamack Road to his son, Johannes Ackerman, who built a dwelling on the Steenrapie (Kinderkamack) Road at the time of his marriage to Jannetje Lozier in 1713. A tidal gristmill was built on the Hackensack River. This mill got its power from an artificial pond: the high tide was trapped in the mouth of Coles Brook by a dam with a special drop-gate, suspended from a horizontal timber. When the tides flowed out of the Hackensack River, the tidal millpond was slowly released through the waterwheel. Sloops pulled alongside the mill at New Bridge Landing. On March 9, 1744, a road was surveyed from Kinderkamack Road to the chosen spot on the banks of the Hackensack River where a "New Bridge" was to be erected (forming what is now Main Street, River Edge).</p><br>
<p>Jan and Annetje (Ackerman) Zabriskie purchased the Johannes Ackerman mill and farm in September 1745, shortly after construction of the first draw-bridge at the narrows of the Hackensack River. This wooden span was called New Bridge to distinguish it from an older crossing several miles upstream. In 1752, Jan Zabriskie built the oldest part of the Steuben House. Its walls were built with blocks of sandstone cut from the Kinderkamack Ridge - dressed stone on the two sides of the building facing the roadway and coursed rubble on the other sides. The front door opened into a center-hall. The Zabriskie family grew wealthy from increased trade brought on by the French and Indian War (1756–1763) and doubled the size of their dwelling about 1765, increasing it from five to twelve rooms, warmed by seven fireplaces, and covering it with a fashionable gambrel roof. The gambrel roof has four slopes instead of two, providing more headroom and storage space in the garret (for this reason, many barns used a gambrel roof to increase the size of the hay mow). The Jersey Dutch also adopted the gambrel roof to span the depth of a house that was one-and-a-half to two rooms deep. New Bridge Landing was the business center of the upper Hackensack Valley. Iron made in stone furnaces along the Ramapo Mountains was carried in ox-carts to New Bridge Landing where it was loaded onto sloops, some as large as 50 ton, for shipment to market. Flour and animal feed was shipped from the mill. All kinds of wares came in from boats returning from the city. This location had an added advantage: because of the wide Hackensack Meadowlands downstream, New Bridge remained the nearest river crossing to Newark Bay until 1790. Overland traffic including farm wagons and stage coaches, going to and from New York City, crossed the river at this spot on their way into the interior parts of the country.</p><br>
<p>The house was occupied as a military headquarters during much of the American Revolutionary War. General Washington headquartered here in September 1780 for 14 days when the Continental Army encamped on the Kinderkamack Ridge.</p><br>
<p>While a constant arena for conflict, the following significant Revolutionary War events are associated with Historic New Bridge Landing:</p><br>
<p>November 20, 1776: 5,000 British and Hessian troops, under the command of Cornwallis, crossed the Hudson River and scaled the Palisades at Lower Closter Dock, then marched south against Fort Lee. Warned by a sentinel, the troops at Fort Lee led by General Greene evacuated Fort Lee narrowly missing an encounter with the British at the Liberty Pole. Washington marched at the head of the troops towards the bridge and avoided entrapment by safely crossing the Hackensack River at New Bridge, "the Bridge That Saved a Nation." The events were witnessed by Thomas Paine and inspired him to write "THESE are the times that try men&#39;s souls" and fifth paragraph: "Our first object was to secure the bridge over the Hackensack..." in the American Crisis.</p><br>
<p>November 21, 1776: British troops under Major General Vaughan attacked the American rear guard and seized the New Bridge, which American engineers were dismantling.</p><br>
<p>May 18, 1779: British and Loyalist troops under command of Captain Patrick Fergusen attacked about 40 Bergen militiamen at New Bridge.</p><br>
<p>August 18, 1779: Major Henry Lee led American troops from New Bridge, to attack the British earthworks at Paulus Hook (Jersey City).</p><br>
<p>March 23, 1780: A force of Bergen Militia and Continental troops attacked 600 British troops and German auxiliaries at New Bridge on their retreat from Hackensack and Paramus, during the two hours it took for the British to repair and cross the New Bridge.</p><br>
<p>April 15, 1780: A body of 312 British, Loyalist and German infantry, attacked and overwhelmed an American outpost at New Bridge commanded by Lieutenant Bryson.</p><br>
<p>May 30, 1780: Eight British soldiers were killed, and several wounded, by friendly fire when British troops attempted to attack a body of Bergen Militia in the Zabriskie-Steuben House at New Bridge.</p><br>
<p>July 20, 1780: Brigadier General Anthony Wayne led American troops from New Bridge on a raid against the Bull&#39;s Ferry Blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>September 4–17, 1780: General Washington made his headquarters in the Zabriskie-Steuben House during the Steenrapie encampment of the Continental Army, encompassing nearly 14,000 men.</p><br>
<p>The State of New Jersey confiscated the stone mansion from Jan Zabriskie, a Loyalist, in 1781. The New Jersey Legislature gave the Zabriskie estate at New Bridge to Major General Baron von Steuben, the Inspector General of the Continental Army, on December 23, 1783, on condition that he occupy it and not rent it to a tenant. To meet these terms he had to keep a bed and servant at all times and make regular visits. His aide-de-camp, Captain Benjamin Walker, resided there, operating the mill and river dock in partnership with Jan Zabriskie. Captain Walker purchased the Zabriskie estate on Steuben&#39;s behalf in 1786. This is the only extant 18th century building that Steuben owned. Steuben renovated the war-damaged house and sold the house to back to the Zabriskie family, Jan, son of the Loyalist, in 1788. His grandson, John J. Zabriskie, died trying to free the mill waterwheel in 1793. Andrew Zabriskie, a cousin, purchased the Steuben House in 1815. His descendants owned the property until 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Steuben House Commission was created in 1926 to purchase Baron Steuben&#39;s home at New Bridge. The State took possession of the historic mansion and 1 acre of ground for $9,000 on June 27, 1928. It was renovated and opened as the museum headquarters of the Bergen County Historical Society in September 1939. The Bergen County Historical Society continued stewardship of the site by purchase of land between the Steuben House and the encroaching autoparts yard in 1944. In 1954, the Society was able to persuade the County of Bergen to divert the planned 4-lane highway to the north of the site instead of alongside the historic site. The highway bridge opened in 1956 and the one-lane 1889 swing bridge was closed to vehicles. It remains open for pedestrians.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Steuben House, the bridge, the tide mill location and wharf are in the core area of Historic New Bridge Landing. Three additional buildings were moved onto the adjacent property of the Bergen County Historical Society, a private non-profit volunteer organization. The Demarest House was moved here from New Milford in 1956 and is maintained by the Blauvelt-Demarest Foundation. It was listed individually on the NRHP in 1983. The Westervelt-Thomas Barn was relocated from Washington Township in 1958. The County of Bergen moved the Campbell-Christie House here in 1977. It was also listed individually on the NRHP in 1983. The Society erected a working replica of a Bergen Dutch Out-Kitchen in 1991 and an outhouse in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission was established by law in 1995 to coordinate and implement all private and governmental plans and activities at Historic New Bridge Landing Park, which was named one of three new urban state parks in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>2007 flood</h2><br>
<p>The Steuben House suffered little in the way of permanent damage in the April 2007 nor&#39;easter.</p><br>
<p>Gadsbys Tavern is a complex of historic buildings at 134 and 138 North Royal Street at the corner of Cameron Street in the Old Town district of Alexandria, Virginia. The complex includes a c.1785 tavern, the 1792 City Tavern and Hotel, and an 1878 hotel addition. The taverns were a central part of the social, economic, political, and educational life of the city of Alexandria at the time. Currently, the complex is home to Gadsbys Tavern Restaurant, American Legion Post 24, and Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Museum, a cultural history museum. The museum houses exhibits of early American life in Virginia, and the restaurant operates in the original 1792 City Tavern dining room, serving a mixture of period and modern foods.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Tavern history</h2><br>
<p>Gadsby&#39;s Tavern consists of two buildings: one is the tavern, built around 1785, and the other is the 1792 City Hotel. John Gadsby leased and operated them from 1796 to 1808, and it is his name attached to the location.</p><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Gadsbys Tavern was not the first tavern on its lot. Between 1749 and 1752, Charles and Anne Mason had begun a tavern business they called Masons Ordinary. In the 1770s, Mary Hawkins opened a tavern on the lot around the corner from what is now the Gadsbys Tavern Museum. The original lot where Hawkins tavern sat extended from the southwest corner of Royal and Cameron streets to about mid-block on both streets. In 1778, the plot was subdivided, and Edward Owens purchased the lot on the corner of the two streets. With the end of the Revolutionary War, and the booming economy that followed, Marylander John Wise purchased the plot in 1782 from Owens, and built the existing Georgian-style tavern ca. 1785, and the Federal City Tavern in 1792. Englishman Gadsby leased the City Tavern, the most prominent tavern in Alexandria in 1796. He renewed the lease in 1802 to include the smaller 1785 tavern from Wise, and operated both until 1808 when he moved to Baltimore, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>John Wise died in 1815, and with his death the buildings went through different hands, being run as a hotel, lawyers&#39; offices, and auction houses. It remained a hotel during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1816, a 23-year-old woman succumbed to a disease at the city tavern after she travelled to Alexandria with her husband. On her deathbed, she made the people surrounding her swear an oath that they would never reveal her identity. The promise was kept; her grave, a table-like structure in St. Pauls Cemetery is marked "Female Stranger". Her ghost is said to haunt the cemetery and Room 8 of Gadsbys Tavern, the room in which she died. The unusual monument and story surrounding it have long been noted as a peculiar oddity of the town.</p><br>
<h3>19th and 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the 1890s, Frederick Schwab (a veteran who had served in the Alexandria Artillery also known as Kempers Battery) was proprietor of a saloon located in the original 1785 tavern portion of Gadsbys Tavern at 132 N. Royal Street (See 132 street number with “Sal.” for Saloon at the site of the 1785 tavern in the 1891, 1896, and 1902 Sanborn Maps of Alexandria, VA.). He lived there with his family until his death in 1901. By the turn of the 20th century, the building no longer operated as a hotel. Once considered one of the finest establishments of its kind in the country, the building had fallen into complete disrepair. The rooms that had been the setting for political dinners, grand balls, and elaborate public affairs were relegated to housing odd shops and rental apartments. On May 21, 1917, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City purchased some of Alexandria&#39;s most important pieces of history, the ballroom woodwork. In doing so, they inadvertently preserved the original historic ballroom when it was moved to New York.</p><br>
<p>The Met negotiated with the owners of the 1792 City Tavern & Hotel to purchase architectural elements from the hotel. The Met purchased the unique musicians gallery, cornice, door frames, and mantelpieces from the ballroom. Two mantelpieces from the City Hotel dining rooms and the exterior doorway were also sold. On November 11, 1924, the American Wing of The Metropolitan Museum of Art — featuring the permanent installation of the recreated Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Ballroom with original woodwork (now named the "Alexandria Ballroom") — opened to the public</p><br>
<h3>Famous guests</h3><br>
<p>George Washington frequently visited the taverns, and twice attended the annual Birthnight Ball held in his honor. Other prominent customers of the tavern included John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Thomas Jefferson was feted in 1801 with a banquet in the ballroom of the City Tavern. The Marquis de Lafayette was also guest to festivities at the City Tavern during his tour of the United States in 1824.</p><br>
<h3>The Tavern Museum restoration</h3><br>
<p>Threatened with demolition in the early 20th century, the buildings were saved and preserved by efforts first undertaken by F. Clinton Knight and carried on by the American Legion, Post 24, along with other patriotic groups. The buildings were reopened in 1976, after extensive renovation, by the City of Alexandria as a museum dedicated to preserving and interpreting the social and cultural heritage of Alexandria by teaching the public about the site and its significant contributions. Clint Knight, a former city councilman, postmaster, and commander of Post 24 mortgaged his home to help purchase the Tavern. The renovators reproduced on the second floor of the Tavern the woodwork of the ballroom that the Metropolitan Museum of Art had earlier acquired.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>The Tavern Museum today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the City of Alexandria continues their preservation and interpretation through Gadsby&#39;s Tavern Museum and by leasing the restaurant space, in the 1792 hotel building, to a private restaurateur. The original ballroom woodwork can still be seen at Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.</p><br>
<p>The museum offers self guided and guided tours, and group tours by appointment. Self guided tours are $5, and guided tours are $8. Admission is free for city of Alexandria residents and employees, as well as active duty military and veterans.</p><br>
<p>The museum is part of the American Whiskey Trail, which provides an educational journey into the history and cultural heritage of distilled spirits in American society.</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs, a California Historical Landmark and on the list of National Register of Historic Places, is a property near Gilroy, California famed for its mineral hot springs and historic development by early settlers and Japanese immigrants. The earliest extant Italianate–Victorian style structures date from the 1870s, and the earliest bathhouse dates from 1890. Other early structures are a Buddhist shrine from 1939 and a Japanese garden teahouse from that same year. The property is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hot spring&#39;s temperature ranges from 99° to 111 °F . These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.</p><br>
<h2>Setting and early history</h2><br>
<p>The site is in a mixed oak forest sloping above Coyote Creek approximately ten miles northeast of Gilroy. The locale is associated with the discoveries of Francisco Cantua, while the core landholding of 160 acre was purchased in 1866 by early settlers George W. Roop and William F. Olden. Roop could accommodate up to 200 guests per day, and the resort Roop developed achieved rapid fame. In those early times the resort was praised as "the finest springs in the state" (Coffin, 1873). A three-story wood-frame hotel from 1874 and a single-story wood frame clubhouse also dating from the 1870s existed. In the last decade of the 19th century, further development took place: The 1890 bathhouse noted above, several 1890s board and batten guest cabins and a wooden kiosk above one of the hot springs. Notable guests to this historic destination hotel in the Victorian period included San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, gold mining magnate Adolph Sutro, Claus Spreckels and singer Margaret Alverson Blake.</p><br>
<h2>The roaring 1920s</h2><br>
<p>Further development took place in this vibrant period in American history. Immediately before the Roaring twenties a redwood water tank was built in 1913 and the first concrete pool for mineral water was installed at this site in 1917. In the early 1920s William and Emily McDonald purchased the property from Roop. More guest cabins were added, bringing the total to 24. The guest cabin Arizona was erected in 1924, but unfortunately it was consumed by fire in 1992. A number of the original guest cabins from the 1920s are still extant, each named after a different state. The cabin names are clearly affixed to the front of each structure for easy identification.</p><br>
<p>Social activity at Gilroy Hot Springs was intense in this period. Bootleg liquor and slot machines drew large crowds for birthday parties, Thursday night poker games, swimming parties, Saturday night dances and local service club socials. Over 500 registrants per day would visit the resort in the peak summer season. The San Francisco Motorcycle Club had an especially notable outing here in 1920 (Gilroy Advocate, 1920).</p><br>
<p>Automobile use was rising dramatically in this era, so that a frenzy of tree cutting occurred in the early 1920s all along Gilroy Hot Springs Road to accommodate the burgeoning auto arrivals. Yet at the end of the decade, the Great Depression caused resort activity to dwindle. Accelerants to the decline were the death of William McDonald and foreclosure by Roop. By 1934, the Gilroy Hot Springs Post Office was closed, and in 1935, the Southern Pacific Railroad ended its auto stage service to the resort.</p><br>
<h2>Beginning of Japanese influence</h2><br>
<p>On September 15, 1938, "Japanese Capitalist Buys Famed Gilroy Hot Springs Resort" read the headline in the Gilroy Advocate. Kyuzaburo Sakata, a successful local Japanese lettuce grower in Watsonville, announced he would build a Japanese garden to be designed by Nagao Sakurai, of the Imperial Palace, who was involved in the Japanese exhibit at the 1939 Golden Gate Exposition at Treasure Island in San Francisco. Gilroy Hot Springs was a microcosm of the successful struggle of Japanese Americans to attain full ownership in the American Dream. Unlike other cultures of immigrants who, encountering discrimination, withdrew into enclaves, Japanese settlers fought within the system to obtain a stake. Gilroy Hot Springs became a powerful symbol to Americans of Japanese ancestry, especially because the hot springs recalled similar physiographic features of their native land (Seido, 1941).</p><br>
<h2>World War II and aftermath</h2><br>
<p>After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Sakata and the considerable Japanese American population of Santa Clara County were imprisoned in Internment Camps. Caucasian business partners of Sakata carried on the resort operations during the war at a lessened state of grandeur. After release from the Internment Camp, Sakata returned to be an owner and manager of the resort. He invited his fellow Japanese Americans to join him "in the blessing nature created in Hot Springs in our search for the power of healing". It served as a gathering place where Americans of Japanese ancestry intermingled and relaxed with their European American counterparts.</p><br>
<h2>Modern era</h2><br>
<p>The sleeping annex was demolished in 1946, and in 1964 Sakata could not afford to meet the requirements of county building inspectors regarding new code for cabin heating systems. Thus, he sold the property to Philip S. Grimes, a landscape architect from Portola Valley. The hotel and clubhouse burned down in 1980. The property was operated as a private resort until 1988, when it was purchased by Fukuyama International, Inc., headquartered in Osaka, Japan. Fukuyama then launched plans for rehabilitation of the property as a Japanese American cultural and recreation center and secured its standing as a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the property was purchased by the California Department of Parks and Recreation and added to the Henry W. Coe State Park. Although it is currently closed to the public until a management plan is implemented, many of the structures have fallen victim to vandalism and the ravages of time and weather.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Gilroy as a Home, Coffin 1873:31 National Register of Historic Places OMB 1024-0018</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Advocate, 17 May 1924</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Hot Springs Rehabilitation Project, Santa Clara County, Fukuyama International, Inc., 209 Post Street, San Francisco, California, June 1, 1995</p><br>
<p>James E. Ball et al., Geologic Evaluation of Gilroy Hot Springs, Earth Systems Consultants, File No. NJG-2034-05 47853 Warm Springs Boulevard, Fremont, California, May, 1995</p><br>
<p>List of California Historical Landmarks, Santa Clara County, State of California Landmark 1017</p><br>
<p>Environmental assessment prepared by Lumina Technologies for Santa Clara County (1999)</p><br>
<p>National Register of Historic Places, USA Dept. of Interior, National Park Service, Office of Management and Budget No. 1024-0018</p><br>
<p>Masuro Seido Collection (1941) National Register of Historic Places OMB 1024-0018</p><br>
<p>Gilroy Hot Springs Joins Henry Coe State Park,</p><br>
<p>Ian L. Sanders: The Mineral Springs of Santa Clara County, Design Factory Graphics, 2012.</p><br>
<p>Ian L. Sanders and Michael F. Brookman: A Hundred Years of Gilroy Hot Springs, 1860s–1960s, Design Factory Graphics, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Queens County Farm Museum, also known as Queens Farm, is a 47 acre farm in the Floral Park and Glen Oaks neighborhoods of Queens in New York City. The farm occupies the city&#39;s largest remaining tract of undisturbed farmland , and is still a working farm today. Queens Farm practices sustainable agriculture and has a four-season growing program. The museum includes the Adriance Farmhouse , a New York City Landmark on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The site features restored farm buildings, planting fields with 200 types of crops, livestock, and various examples of vintage farm equipment. The museum has free admission on most days, though tickets are sold for special event days throughout the year. The museum hosts guided tours of the farmhouse, weekend hayrides, and an on-site seasonal farmstand.</p><br>
<h2>Cornell Farmhouse</h2><br>
<p>The Cornell Farmhouse was built in 1750 with Dutch and English architectural features. The Farmhouse is also known as the Creedmoor Farmhouse Complex or the Adriance Farmhouse. It is part of the museum and is owned and operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a New York City Landmark in 1976, and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farm was privately owned by a Dutch family, the Adriances, from 1697 to 1808. Their three-room farmhouse, built in 1772, has been restored and still stands. After 1808, a series of families owned the farm as it continued to evolve from a colonial homestead to a modern "truck farming" or market gardening business. Under its last private farmer, Daniel Stattel, it became, by 1900, "the second largest in size in Queens County and the highest in dollar value...assessed at 32,000 dollars." In 1926, the Stattels sold the farm to real estate investor Pauline Reisman, who, in turn, later that year sold it to Creedmoor State Hospital, which used it for occupational therapy, to stock its kitchen, and to grow ornamental plants for the rest of the hospital campus. In 1975, state legislation authored by Frank Padavan transferred ownership of the farm from the hospital to NYC Parks for the purpose of starting a museum.</p><br>
<p>Ansley Park is an intown residential district in Atlanta, Georgia, located just east of Midtown and west of Piedmont Park. When developed in 1905-1908, it was the first Atlanta suburban neighborhood designed for automobiles, featuring wide, winding roads rather than the grid pattern typical of older streetcar suburbs. Streets were planned like parkways with extensive landscaping, while Winn Park and McClatchey Park are themselves long and narrow, extending deep into the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Ansley Golf Club borders the district. The neighborhood was largely completed by 1930 and covers 275 acre. It has been designated a Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2008, the median household income for the neighborhood was $226,335. To the immediate east of the golf course is the Eastside Trail interim hiking trail, part of the BeltLine ring of parks and trails around the central city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was developed by rail and real estate magnate Edwin P. Ansley, while George W. Adair, Jr. and Forrest Adair marketed the lots. It was marketed as an alternative for the citys elite to Inman Park, the most fashionable residential neighborhood in the city at the time. It was more fashionably located, astride Peachtree Street and adjacent to the citys largest public park. With Edwin Ansleys former residence serving as the governors mansion and the Piedmont Driving Club adjacent, the area remained upscale until the 1960s when a slight decline was experienced with some residences turning into boarding houses. However, residents turned this decline around and the area never experienced the deep decline in the 1950s-1960s due to suburbanization, as neighborhoods like Inman Park did.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>Contributing properties in the Historic District include:</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Ansley Park residents are zoned to schools in the Atlanta Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>Zoned schools include:</p><br>
<p>Morningside Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Inman Middle School</p><br>
<p>Midtown High School</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Charles Brewer, founder of MindSpring</p><br>
<p>Tom Gugliotta, former NBA player</p><br>
<p>Al Horford, member of the Atlanta Hawks, and wife Amelia Vega, former Miss Universe</p><br>
<p>Lonnie Johnson, inventor of the Super Soaker, and Nerf Guns</p><br>
<p>Hannah Salwen and Kevin Salwen, authors of The Power of Half</p><br>
<p>Elbert Tuttle, federal judge who played a prominent role in civil rights cases</p><br>
<p>The Watervale Historic District is a resort, originally constructed as a lumber camp, located at 975-1422 Watervale Road on the shore of Lower Herring Lake in Blaine Township, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1991 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Leo F. Hale began a logging and shipping operation in this area in the early 1890s. In 1893, Hale, along with William and Mary Vincent, platted out the village of Watervale on the south shore of Lower Herring Lake. They built about 20 houses, many of which were shacks. There were, however, at least eight painted frame houses. The village also contained a meat market, general store, and post office.</p><br>
<p>As the logging boom waned, Hale went bankrupt, and by 1900 had lost most of Watervale; it was eventually nearly abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Watervale Historic District contains 16 buildings constructed between 1892 and 1927 sited along Watervale Road. The buildings include the former general store, a former boarding house now used as an inn, an assortment one- and two-story clapboard-covered houses and several early 20th century cottages.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Normal School , originally Lincoln School and later reorganized as State Normal School and University for the Education of Colored Teachers and Students, was a historic African American school expanded to include a normal school in Marion, Alabama. Founded less than two years after the end of the Civil War, it is one of the oldest HBCUs  in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school&#39;s roots go back to a Union Army soldier who remained in Marion after the end of the Civil War to teach newly freed African Americans. His efforts proved successful and in 1867 the school was incorporated with the support of African Americans from the surrounding Perry County.</p><br>
<p>Nine ex-slaves, Joey Pinch, Thomas Speed, Nickolas Dale, James Childs, Thomas Lee, John Freeman, Nathan Levert, David Harris, and Alexander H. Curtis, made up the first Board of Trustees. Under their guidance, the black and white community of Marion raised five hundred dollars to buy land for the school&#39;s campus. The money to build the school building came from the American Missionary Association (AMA).</p><br>
<p>In 1868, school trustees sought the assistance of the AMA for help with day-to-day operation of the school. The AMA supplied teachers and financial support.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, Alabama State Board of Education member Peyton Finley pushed for the school&#39;s expansion into a normal school and university.</p><br>
<h2>Teacher training</h2><br>
<p>In 1870, the school expanded to include teacher training and for a time became known as the Lincoln Normal University for Teachers. The program primarily focused on training African American high school graduates to become teachers. In 1885, Lincoln School was voted the top school for freed slaves in the south. On July 26, 1878, William Burns Paterson left Tullibody Academy to accept the Presidency of the State Normal School and University for Colored Students and Teachers in Marion, Alabama. In 1887 fire destroyed many of the campus buildings. As a result, the teacher training function was relocated to Montgomery where it became Alabama State University.</p><br>
<h2>Faculty</h2><br>
<p>The school was led by several principals, most notably Miss Mary Elizabeth Phillips. During her tenure from 1896 to 1927 both the campus and student body expanded. In 1939, alumni and friends constructed Phillips Memorial Auditorium in her honor.</p><br>
<p>Other notable faculty included Cecil and Fran Thomas who were instrumental in establishing a choral program at the school. Under their direction, choirs from the school toured across the Southeast and Midwest.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy and reputation</h2><br>
<p>Lincoln School became well known for graduating a high proportion of students who went on to attain advanced degrees, a remarkable achievement for any school but more particularly for a segregated high school in rural Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1970, when it was consolidated with the newly built and racially integrated Marion High School. One of the few buildings remaining on the campus site is the Phillips Memorial Auditorium, now on the National Register of Historic Places and the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage. The Lincoln High School Gymnasium was also added to the Alabama Register on February 29, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Coretta Scott King, civil rights activist and wife of Martin Luther King Jr.</p><br>
<p>Edythe Scott Bagley, educator, and civil rights activist</p><br>
<p>William R. Pettiford, Birmingham minister and banker</p><br>
<p>Jean Childs, wife of civil rights activist Andrew Young</p><br>
<p>Odith Thelma Patton, mother of Bishop T. D. Jakes</p><br>
<p>Ravine Gardens State Park is a 59 acre Florida State Park located in Palatka, Florida. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The park was constructed by the Works Progress Administration, with cypress buildings, rock gardens and fieldstone terraces. Near the park entrance is The Court of States and a 64 ft obelisk dedicated to Franklin D. Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>Activities include viewing the thousands of plants and shrubs, picnicking, jogging, hiking and biking. Amenities include interpretive exhibits, picnic areas, gardens, hiking trails, a 1.8 mi paved perimeter loop road, and a parcours trail. Visitors can rent a large covered pavilion, auditorium, and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Special events</h2><br>
<p>The park is part of the annual Florida Azalea Festival the first weekend in March, when the nearly 100,000 plants that the WPA planted decades ago bloom.</p><br>
<h2>Hours</h2><br>
<p>Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).</p><br>
<p>Christ Church Cathedral, built in 1916 to replace the earlier 1874 building, is the Episcopal cathedral in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. It is the mother church for the Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire, the see of which is located in Eau Claire. The cathedral and parish house were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The chancel and the parish house were designed by Minnesota architects Purcell, Feick and Elmslie in 1909. The nave of the church was designed by Purcell and Elmslie six years later. Their designs reflect their "use of English antecedents."</p><br>
<p>The cathedral has stained glass windows that a church pamphlet describes as among some of the finest in the country in richness and ecclesiastical style. Six windows were designed by Heaton, Butler, and Bayne of London; others were supplied by Wippell Company of Exeter, England.</p><br>
<p>The parish house is a two-and-a-half-story stone and stucco building.</p><br>
<p>Also designed by Purcell and Elmslie is the Community House, First Congregational Church, also in Eau Claire, also listed on the National Register (in 1974).</p><br>
<p>Bulloch Hall is a Greek Revival mansion in Roswell, Georgia, built in 1839. It is one of several historically significant buildings in the city and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is where Martha Bulloch Roosevelt , mother of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th USA president, lived as a child. It is also where she married Theodore Roosevelt&#39;s father, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. The descendants of Theodore Roosevelt and his three siblings - Anna, Elliott, and Corinne are therefore descendants of Archibald Bulloch, the first Governor of Georgia .</p><br>
<p>The antebellum mansion was built by Mitties father, Major James Stephens Bulloch. He was a prominent planter from the Georgia coast, who was invited to the new settlement by his friend Roswell King. After the death of his first wife Hester Amarintha "Hettie" Elliott - mother of his son James D. Bulloch - Bulloch married the widow of his first wifes father, Martha "Patsy" Stewart Elliot, and had four more children:</p><br>
<p>Anna Bulloch</p><br>
<p>Martha Bulloch</p><br>
<p>Charles Bulloch (who died young)</p><br>
<p>Irvine Bulloch.</p><br>
<p>Major Bulloch selected a ten-acre plot of land and engaged a skilled builder, Willis Ball, to design and construct an elegant Greek Revival home. The Bulloch family lived in an abandoned Cherokee farmhouse while slaves and trained laborers built the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1839, Major Bulloch and his family moved into the completed house.</p><br>
<p>Soon Bulloch also owned land for cotton production and held enslaved African-Americans to work his fields. According to the 1850 Slave Schedules, Martha Stewart Elliott Bulloch, by then widowed a second time, owned 31 enslaved African-Americans. They mostly labored on cotton and crop production; but some would have worked in the home, on cooking and domestic tasks to support the family. Some of the known slaves who worked in the house were "Maum" Rose (cook), "Maum" Charlotte (housekeeper), "Maum" Grace (nursemaid), "Daddy" William, "Daddy" Luke, and Henry.</p><br>
<h2>Birth and marriage of Martha Bulloch</h2><br>
<p>In 1835 while living in Hartford, Connecticut, James&#39; wife gave birth to a daughter, also named Martha. She was known affectionately as Mittie. Mittie was raised at Bulloch Hall.</p><br>
<p>Though the date of their initial meeting is unclear, we do know that when Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. was 19, he came to Roswell, Georgia with his friend Hilborne West, who was to marry Mitties oldest half sister, Susan Elliott. Mittie was 15 at the time. "Thee," as he was called, met Mittie again when she went to Philadelphia in January 1853 to stay with her sister Susan. They fell in love and began planning their wedding through letters between Mittie in Roswell and Thee in New York. They were married in the dining room of Bulloch Hall on December 22, 1853. The marriage was a gala affair with people coming for many miles and staying for a week. Mitties friend and bridesmaid, Mrs. William Baker, left a recollection of the wedding in an interview by Margaret "Peggy" Mitchell of Gone with the Wind fame, in the Atlanta Journal, June 10, 1923.</p><br>
<p>After the marriage, the couple moved to New York City. The couple lived with Thees parents while a house, a wedding gift from them, was constructed at 28 E 20th Street. In 1856, Martha, Anna, and Irvine moved to Philadelphia to live with Marthas daughter Susan West. Anna and Martha later moved in with Mittie and Thee in New York. The Roosevelt couple became the parents of Anna; Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States; Elliott, and Corinne. Later Elliott married Anna Rebecca Hall, and his daughter was First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h2>President Roosevelt&#39;s visit in 1905</h2><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt, who had begun his presidency on reasonably good terms for a half-northerner president, had infuriated the South by inviting Booker T. Washington to dine in the White House. Consequently, he waited a few years until the episode blew over and finally visited Bulloch Hall for the first time while touring the South in 1905. He was thought to be the first sitting President of the United States to visit the South since the end of the American Civil War, however this is incorrect as William McKinley had visited the South earlier while celebrating the victory of the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>President Roosevelt and his wife Edith arrived in Roswell, Georgia on October 20, 1905. At Bulloch Hall, he spoke as follows:</p><br>
<p>Eleanor Roosevelt visited Roswell and Bulloch Hall several times. Her husband Franklin Roosevelt visited the house, but did not leave his car.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually and also as a contributing building in the Roswell Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Bulloch Hall mentioned in fiction</h2><br>
<p>Summer, Edward. The Legend of Teddy Bear Bob aka Bear Bob&#39;s Story</p><br>
<p>In 1974, director Monte Hellman used Bulloch Hall to film several scenes from the movie Cockfighter, starring Warren Oates.</p><br>
<p>Bulloch Hall served as the model for the cover illustration of William Harbens novel Mam Linda.</p><br>
<p>Bascom Hill is the iconic main quadrangle that forms the historic core of the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus. It is located on the opposite end of State Street from the Wisconsin State Capitol, and is named after John Bascom, former president of the University of Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The hill is crowned by Bascom Hall, the main administration building for the campus. Near the main entrance to Bascom Hall sits a statue of President Abraham Lincoln. The first university building, North Hall, was constructed on Bascom Hill in 1851 and is still in use by the Department of Political Science. The second building, South Hall, was built in 1855 and is now used by the administration of the University of Wisconsin College of Letters and Science.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Bascom Hill Historic District. In addition to the main quadrangle, the district includes historic buildings ranging from the Red Gym to the Wisconsin Historical Society building to the Carillon Tower. The NRHP nomination considers the district "the most historic cluster of institutional buildings in Wisconsin."</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings</h2><br>
<p>Prior to white settlement around 1837, the area that would become Madison was quiet woods and savannahs, swamps and lakes. Woodland people built effigy mounds like the water spirit mound near Washburn Observatory, and their probable descendants the Ho-Chunk called the place Ta-ko-per-ah, meaning "land of the four lakes."</p><br>
<p>On the isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona were two hills, drumlins formed about 18,000 years ago by the last glacier. When Madison was selected as Wisconsin Territory&#39;s capital in 1836, the top of the eastern hill was reserved for the territorial capitol building, and the state capitol stands there today. The other hill a mile to the west came to be called optimistically "College Hill" around 1838, years before there was any college.</p><br>
<p>The young city had a cemetery on the hill from 1837 to about 1846, just near where the Lincoln statue now sits. A William Nelson who died of typhoid in 1837 was buried there, the first white man to die in Madison. Most or all burials there have since been relocated.</p><br>
<p>The location of Wisconsin&#39;s capital had been contentious, and the lead promoter of Madison, Judge James Doty, had gained allies and secured their ongoing motivation by selling them wild parcels around the proposed city. One of those parcels was 160 acres on Bascom Hill which was sold to New York Congressman Aaron Vanderpoel in 1838 for $1.25 an acre. In 1848 when the new State of Wisconsin created the university, the state bought the land from Vanderpoel for $15 an acre.</p><br>
<p>A general plan for the physical university was in place by 1850, with a "Main Edifice" sketched in where Bascom Hall now sits at the top of the hill and a broad open space running east down the hill toward the capitol, with a "North Dorm" and a "South Dorm" on each side and two similar dorms drawn below. That general configuration was apparently laid out by Milwaukee architect John F. Rague, and major elements remain to this day.</p><br>
<p>But in 1850 it was still only a plan on paper - nothing had been built.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The following buildings are listed in the order built. All are contributing properties to the NRHP&#39;s Bascom Hill Historic District unless otherwise noted.</p><br>
<h3>North Hall (1851)</h3><br>
<p>North Hall was the university&#39;s first building, constructed where "North Dorm" had been drawn in the general plan, at mid-right in the 1885 engraving. It was designed by John Rague in Federal style, a rather plain, sober architectural style popular before the Civil War. It stands four stories, clad in Madison sandstone - rather similar to dorms of the day at Ann Arbor, Michigan. Construction cost $19,000, and it opened in September 1851. For the first four years it was the only building on campus, so as well as living accommodations for 50 to 65 students, it contained lecture rooms, labs, a library and a chapel. It offered a mess where students could eat for eighty cents per week. Running water was not piped to the dorm floors, so residents had to carry their own water from a well nearby. The building had hot-air central heating from two furnaces, but when fuel became scarce during the Civil War, a stove was put in each room and residents had to procure their own fuel, often cutting trees nearby in what would become Muir Woods. In 1966 the building by itself was named a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h3>South Hall (1855)</h3><br>
<p>South Hall followed four years later, located where "South Dorm" had been drawn in the general plan, at mid-left in the 1885 engraving. On the outside it was a twin of North Hall, also designed by John Rague.</p><br>
<p>In those early years, the university was not well-funded. Each new building required approval of funds from the Wisconsin legislature, and in its eagerness to educate and to show that the new state of Wisconsin was on a par with Michigan, the university often overextended itself. "The $20,000 cost of so crippled the University at the time that the purchase of books and apparatus had to be temporarily discontinued and the curriculum limited." Most of the university faculty moved into South Hall with their families, paying roughly $3 per week per person for room and board. Boarding students paid $2 per week. Professor and Mrs. Sterling managed the boarding establishment. Classics professor James Butler later wrote warmly of this era where students and faculty lived close together: "Through my classes came William Vilas, John C. Spooner, John Muir, Levi Vilas, Dwight Treadway and both the Steins. No foresight or second sight showed me to what acmes these youths were destined to climb. So while entertaining angels unawares, I very composedly eked out their shortcomings, and detected their blunders, like those of ordinary mortals."</p><br>
<p>In 1856 a Normal School (teacher training) was started in South Hall. When many male students left for the Civil War, women were allowed in to keep the university afloat, and many of them lodged in South Hall starting in 1864. In that year, 119 of the 169 students in the Normal School Department were women, with 229 students in the whole university.</p><br>
<p>In the early years the curriculum of the university focused on geography, English grammar, Latin and Greek. That curriculum shifted to more practical subjects as years passed. Particularly with the Morrill Act of 1862, the UW began offering instruction in "the agricultural and mechanical arts." In 1884 South Hall became home to the Department of Agriculture and was renamed Agriculture Hall. In 1890 in this building, Stephen Babcock developed the Babcock test for milk fat content.</p><br>
<h3>Bascom Hall (1857)</h3><br>
<p>What is now called Bascom Hall was the universitys third major building, filling that prominent central spot which had been called "Main Edifice" on the early plan. The building was designed by Indianapolis architect William Tinsley in Italian Renaissance Revival style, and initially looked as shown in the 1885 drawing - quite different from today - smaller, with the center topped with a tall dome and a semi-circular colonnade facing the capitol. Tinsleys own biographer observed that it was "a handsome and dignified if somewhat pompous, edifice." It was built from 1857 to 1859, and was the first UW building used entirely for instruction. Like South Hall, the building of Bascom left the university financially stressed for years.</p><br>
<p>In early years Bascom Hall was called Main Hall, University Hall, and Old Main. In 1894 the original semi-circular portico was replaced with the current Jeffersonian portico and the dome was enlarged. Wings were added to expand the building in 1899, 1907 and 1926. The Lincoln sculpture was added in front in 1909, a copy of Adolph Weinmans statue in Hodgenville, Kentucky. In 1920 the buildings name was changed to Bascom Hall to honor the former UW president.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 a fire destroyed Bascom&#39;s dome. The building had had problems from the start due to inadequate funding - leaks and drafts and poor ventilation. In the first years, students built small fires on the basement floor to keep warm, but it was the dome that caught fire in 1916. Engineering students tried to douse the fire, but the firehoses were rotten. The rest of the building was saved only when the burning dome collapsed into a forgotten water tank beneath.</p><br>
<h3>Ladies Hall (1870, replaced)</h3><br>
<p>Enrollment increased after the Civil War and by the late 1860s the UW&#39;s three buildings were again packed. President Chadbourne, who resisted coeducation of women with men, and his administration put it this way: "We need for the young men every particle of room occupied by the young ladies, and to this end, we are in immediate want of a building to use as a Female college." In 1870 the legislature granted the funds, Chicago architect G.P. Randall designed a 3-story building on a raised basement clad in stone, just where Chadbourne Hall sits now, with dorm rooms in one wing and recitation rooms in the other. Women moved in for the 1871–72 school year. It was the first UW building with indoor privies, and the first coed dorm at a public university in the USA</p><br>
<p>In 1895-1896 a gymnasium wing was added, and elevators and electric lighting, and the rooms were remodeled, expanding the dorm&#39;s capacity to 125. In 1901 Ladies Hall was officially renamed Chadbourne Hall, in ironic honor of the UW president who got it built while opposing coeducation. In 1957 the old building was razed and replaced by the new Chadbourne Hall, which is not included in the Bascom Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Old Science Hall (1877, destroyed)</h3><br>
<p>By the 1870s Main Hall (now Bascom) was jam-packed with classrooms, labs and students. More instructional space was needed. Henry C. Koch of Milwaukee designed a four-story U-shaped building clad in Madison sandstone and styled Italianate, located where the new Science Hall now stands. It housed labs and shops in the first floor/basement, chemistry and physics on the second floor, civil engineering and geology on the third, and natural history on the fourth, with an art gallery at the front. It even had flush toilets. After only seven years of use, a fire started in December 1884, possibly in a forge room, and fire suppression plans failed. The whole building burned.</p><br>
<h3>Music Hall (1879)</h3><br>
<p>While the 1877 Science Hall still existed, leaders felt the university&#39;s greatest need was a space large enough for the whole student body to assemble. The university also needed a better place for a library, and again had some funds to work with. University President Bascom engaged Madison architect David R. Jones, who designed a dramatic building with a large square corner clock tower, with walls of Madison sandstone (quarried at what is now Hoyt Park) trimmed with darker Superior brownstone, with corner buttresses and pinnacles, and with gently-pointed windows filled with stained glass created by George A. Misch of Chicago. The general style is Gothic Revival (emphasis on the vertical), and the building looks like a church without the Christian iconography.</p><br>
<p>The building was initially called Assembly Hall, and the auditorium was used for "lectures, plays, recitals, operas, and concerts." But after some confusion between "Assembly Hall" and the "Assembly chamber" one mile away, the name was changed to Library Hall. The hall&#39;s "good acoustics and pleasant setting made it ideal for the frequent literary society debates and free lectures series, both well attended by Madison residents." By 1900, events with large crowds could be held at the Red Gym, so the Music Department moved into Library Hall and the name eventually became Music Hall. Over the years, the auditorium has hosted Governor Robert La Follette, John F. Kennedy, Frank Lloyd Wright, the introduction of On, Wisconsin! by its authors in 1909, the Pro Arte Quartet, and Aaron Copland. In 1969 most of the School of Music moved out, but the Opera Department stayed behind and has staged opera productions in the auditorium.</p><br>
<h3>Science Hall (1885–1888)</h3><br>
<p>After the first Science Hall was destroyed by fire in December 1884, the legislature approved funds to supplement the insurance money to build a new Science Hall on the same location. H.C. Koch designed this building too, with a U-shaped footprint like before, but this time the style was Romanesque Revival. True to the style, the basement wall and lower trim were rusticated rhyolite quarried near New Berlin, the walls red brick, the openings round-arched, the roof complex and hipped, Professor Conover changed the design to reduce risk of another fire, replacing Koch&#39;s "slow-burning" wood framework and load-bearing walls with a steel skeleton and hollow clay tile. The steel in particular was progressive, as Science Hall was only the second building in the USA with a steel framework. The building ended up costing $285,000, far above the initial estimates, and requests for more funds prompted an uproar and legislative hearings, but the fireproofing changes were hard to argue with, and it was determined that the initial estimates had been unrealistic.</p><br>
<p>Move-in was in 1888. Engineering and Physics had the first floor, with shops, labs, a museum, reading room, and a 100-seat auditorium. Mineralogy and Geology were on the second floor. Biological sciences (zoology, anatomy, botany, biology) were on the third floor. Generally, each floor had a museum in the south wing, a lecture hall in the central tower, and various labs in the north wing. Before there was an elevator, one of the rear towers housed a winch which lifted cadavers to the third floor anatomy labs, on their way to the attic for dissections.</p><br>
<p>Nationally prominent geologist Charles Van Hise worked in Science Hall. He was "the first in the nation to apply microscopic lithology to an extensive study of crystalline rocks, and to use those results in the formulation of geologic principles." Van Hise was also an early champion of conservation of natural resources. Other notable scientists worked in the building, but it was particularly for the association with Van Hise&#39;s work on geology that Science Hall was named a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h3>Radio Hall (1887)</h3><br>
<p>Just up the hill from Science Hall, the low-slung building with the big chimney was built in 1887 to house the universitys central heating plant. After the first Science Hall burned in 1884, the universitys planners decided to split some fire-prone functions out of the new Science Hall into separate buildings. They moved the forges which were suspect in the 1884 fire to machine shops where Helen White sits today, and they moved the furnaces to this building. It generated steam, which was piped through tunnels to the new Science Hall, and later to the 1892 law building and other buildings. The heating plant was designed by H.C. Koch, who also designed both Science Halls. He covered it in cut stone, with segmental arches over many openings, and one chimney. In the 1890s it was extended 70 feet to the south with a second chimney. The university continued to grow, and in 1908 built a new central heating plant south of University Ave.</p><br>
<p>With the old heating plant free, the new Mining Engineering department moved in, remodeling the building to make assaying labs and ore dressing rooms. Mining stayed in the building until about 1931.</p><br>
<p>The building is now called Radio Hall because the universitys pioneering radio station WHA moved in from Sterling Hall in 1934 and operated here until 1972, when it moved to Vilas Hall. Again the building was remodeled, with labor provided by the New Deal Civil Works Administration and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. As part of the remodel, they built an interior room mounted on springs to reduce vibrations while recording. Funded by the National Youth Administration, WHA hired students to decorate the lobby with art showing old means of communication: the copies of petroglyphs from around Wisconsin, the carved Indian drums in the light fixtures by John Gallagher, and the mural showing the early days of radio at Madison by John Stella. Around the same time, Professor McCarty asked Frank Lloyd Wright for advice on remodeling the outside of the building, but after a pause Wright replied, "Dont touch it, my boy. It&#39;s one of the two honest buildings in Madison."</p><br>
<h3>Old Law Building (1891, replaced)</h3><br>
<p>Prior to 1891, the UWs law department was variously located in the state capitol, above a saloon and in Bascom Hall. In 1891 the UW finally built a home for the law school - a Victorian brownstone designed by Charles Sumner Frost between South Hall and Music Hall. In 1939 the UW began adding to the building until in 1963 the last of the 1891 building was taken down, leaving only its cornerstone and a gargoyle near the entrance of the new University of Wisconsin Law School building. The new building is not included in the NRHPs Bascom Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>Armory and Gymnasium (1894)</h3><br>
<p>The Red Gym isn&#39;t on Bascom Hill, but it is a contributing property to the Bascom Hill Historic District, and the NRHP nomination considers it "perhaps the most significant historical site in the District."</p><br>
<p>Allan Conover and Lew Porter designed a fortress-like structure with turrets and towers with corbels and battlements, in red brick trimmed with sandstone. The first floor initially held the commandant&#39;s office, the artillery drill room, bowling alleys and a swimming pool. The second held a large drill hall/basketball court/assembly hall with a 43-foot ceiling. The third held the gymnasium, with a baseball cage, gymnastics equipment, rowing machines, two 160-foot rifle ranges, and a 440-yard track. Over the years the assembly hall hosted William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Eugene Debs, and Upton Sinclair, championship basketball games, Pablo Casals, John Philip Souza, and the New York Symphony Orchestra.</p><br>
<p>The Red Gyms primary historical significance came when it hosted the state Republican convention in 1904, in which Robert La Follettes Progressive Republicans took control of the state party from the Stalwart (conservative) Republicans, securing a majority in the state legislature and making way for reforms like the direct primary in Wisconsin, which was later adopted by other states. For this, the Red Gym was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h3>State Historical Society (1900)</h3><br>
<p>The universitys library had a good home in Assembly/Library Hall when it was built in 1879, but by the 1890s the librarys books had overflowed into basements around campus. Meanwhile, the State Historical Society&#39;s collection - much of it irreplaceable - was jammed into the capitol building where it was vulnerable to fire. From 1895 to 1899 the state legislature approved funds for a shared building to solve both problems.</p><br>
<p>Milwaukee architects Ferry & Clas designed the new building in Neoclassical style, with a broad Ionic colonnaded portico, and exterior of Bedford limestone. Inside are mosaic tile floors, marble staircases, and a large reading room. The buildings footprint was U-shaped, with the historical societys stacks in the south end and the universitys stacks in the north. In 1952 the universitys library moved to the new Memorial Library building across the square and the Historical Society expanded to take over the entire building.</p><br>
<h3>Old Education Building (1901)</h3><br>
<p>Between North Hall and Science Hall is a Beaux Arts-style structure built in 1901 to house the College of Engineering. When outside architects didn&#39;t submit a satisfactory design and the need for a building was urgent, some of the engineering faculty designed their own building in a month and got the first section built in under a year. By 1933 Engineering had outgrown the building. Engineering moved to new buildings on the west side of campus, and the Education department moved in.</p><br>
<h3>Birge Hall (1912)</h3><br>
<p>Growing science programs had driven Engineering to move to its own building in 1901, and they continued to grow. In 1905 the Dean of L&S Edward Birge recommended a new Biology building to relieve crowding in Science Hall. State architect Arthur Peabody and Jarvis Hunt of Chicago designed a 5-story Neoclassical-styled structure behind Bascom and South Hall. It was completed in 1912, and initially called the Botany building. Wisconsin Alumni Magazine described entering from the Bascom mall side and seeing:...biological specimens of general interest which fills most of the ground floor of the main building. Passing straight through the museum doors on both sides open into the auditorium, which seats about four hundred. There are two floors below this, the basement, which contained the department of plant physiology, and the sub-basement containing labs and work rooms which opened directly into the greenhouses to the south of the auditorium. Staircases from the museum give access to the upper floors, which housed research labs, chart and dark rooms, a herbarium, offices, lecture rooms, a library and Prof. Owen&#39;s butterfly collection.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 the building was renamed Birge Hall a week after Edward Birge died. Wings were added in 1956 and 1980.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial Union (1928)</h3><br>
<p>By the 1900s there were calls for the university to have a "campus living room" like Oxford or Cambridge, or Ann Arbor. A student union organization was formed in 1907, located in a floor of the old YMCA next to the Red Gym, but in 1916 the drinking and uproar led the Y to end the arrangement, and the union shifted to other temporary quarters. In 1918 regent Walter Kohler initiated a fund-raising campaign for a union building. By 1926 they had raised just enough to start, and broke ground for a foundation.</p><br>
<p>The lowest construction bid came from Jacob Pfeffer of Duluth, which led to trouble because he operated an open shop. In 1927 union workers left work and picketed in protest of the non-union workers. Police didnt intervene and things deteriorated until on May 20 a group of 200 union supporters attacked Pfeffers workers, beating them and throwing some in the lake. Bones were broken and one man lost an eye. After more violence, public opinion shifted against the union and the courts and police stepped in.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Union opened in October 1928. Arthur Peabody had designed a 4-story Italian Renaissance Revival structure with walls of Bedford limestone and a green tile roof. Leon Pescheret and his wife designed the interior. German immigrant Eugene Hausler painted the murals in the Rathskeller and Stiftskeller. Peabody&#39;s daughter Charlotte designed the terrace facing Lake Mendota. The Wisconsin Union Theater wing was added in 1938, designed in Moderne style by Michael Hare and Paul Cret.</p><br>
<h3>Carillon Tower (1934)</h3><br>
<p>After the Bascom Hall fire in 1916, the class of 1917 began raising funds to rebuild the dome on Bascom Hall, with the idea of adding chimes inside. Subsequent classes pitched in on the fund-raising, and by the 1930s had enough money to proceed, but state architect Arthur Peabody didn&#39;t favor rebuilding the dome on Bascom, for both engineering and aesthetic reasons. Instead, the idea shifted to building a free-standing structure that would hold chimes. The Carillon Tower northwest of Bascom Hall is the result.</p><br>
<p>Warren Laird and Paul Cret designed the 85-foot sandstone tower so that the balustrade echoes that on Bascom Hall. Inside is the carillon, an instrument where a keyboardist rings tuned bronze bells. At the dedication concert in 1936, carillonneur Ira Schroeder played On Wisconsin and Drink to Me Only With Thine Eyes, among other songs.</p><br>
<p>Today the carillon has 56 bells, with the largest 6,800 pounds. An automated system rings bells on the hour, playing songs such as “Varsity” and “On, Wisconsin!”. On most summer Sundays a human carillonneur provides a free concert for the public.</p><br>
<h3>Humanities Building and Elvehjem (1969)</h3><br>
<p>Enrollment grew in the years after World War II. New buildings for the sciences were funded by federal money for science education and funds from WARF, but many humanities subjects like history and art were left scattered across older buildings like Bascom Hall. In 1959 the History Building Committee expressed their frustration: "The map situation in the department is deplorable.... We need a building."</p><br>
<p>The university selected prominent Chicago architect Harry Weese to lead the design of a solution. Rather than the three towers (history, music and art) that had previously been considered and which would have visually blocked the old buildings on Bascom Hill from the city, Weese proposed a single lower structure at the foot of Bascom Hill, with landscaped green space around. As feedback came in, more space was needed, and the building grew to fill much of the green space. Costs had to be cut, finishes cheapened, and the inner courtyards filled with stone rather than green landscaping. The building opened in 1969 to mixed reviews. The exterior is in a modern architectural style called Brutalist - somewhat ironic for a humanities building. The building still has problems with leaks, heating and acoustics, and is slated to be replaced around 2030.</p><br>
<p>The Elvehejm Art Center, now called the Chazen Museum of Art, was built at the same time, also designed by Weese, in similar style. It was better funded by donations and is nicely finished, giving an idea of what the Humanities building might have been.</p><br>
<h3>Muir Woods</h3><br>
<p>Northwest of North Hall where John Muir lived, and running down the hill to Lake Mendota, remains a 7-acre tract of woods where Muir no doubt rambled in his free time.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 the woods was involved in a controversy when the UW decided to take a bite out of it for the Sociology-Anthropology-Economics Building - a controversy that roused protest from various quarters, including Aldo Leopolds widow and Frank Lloyd Wright, who wrote of the regents plan:...This determination to cut into the fine remaining forest for some expedient building is going to prove to subsequent generations that regentry need be neither scholar nor gentleman... The Social Sciences building went forward, but the uproar marked a turning point for university planners.</p><br>
<p>Calumet Park is a 198-acre  urban park in Chicago, Illinois. Providing access to Lake Michigan from the East Side neighborhood on the citys Southeast Side, the park contains approximately 0.9 miles  of lake frontage from 95th Street to 102nd Street, which extends to the city limits, the Illinois border with Indiana. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Calumet Park is named after the Calumet River and the Calumet Region of southeast Chicago and northwestern Indiana drained by the river. Planning for Calumet Park began in 1904 with the initial acquisition of 40 acre of land. The Olmsted Brothers, a noted firm of urban landscape architects, drew up initial plans for landscaping the proposed new park; however, as a result of the swelling population of the East Side and a consensus that the original plans were inadequate, further land acquisitions were made, the Olmstead plans were revised, and facilities were built.</p><br>
<p>The original park opened in 1905, but was later enlarged; a fieldhouse was erected in 1924 at 98th Street and Avenue G. In the 1930s, Calumet Park attained its current size of 198 acre. There are lakefront beaches at 96th, 98th, and 99th Streets. What is planned to be a nearly 60 mile biking and hiking trail around the southern end of Lake Michigan to New Buffalo, Michigan starts in the park -- as of 2024 about 25 miles of the Marquette Greenway have been completed in various sections.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 2003. On October 4, 2006, the fieldhouse became a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>State line</h2><br>
<p>The junction of the Illinois–Indiana border with the shoreline of Lake Michigan stands close to the southern tip of Calumet Park. Some feet offshore from the park&#39;s beaches, the boundary line separating the jurisdictions of the two states continues northward into the lake.</p><br>
<p>St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church  is a medieval Spanish monastery cloister which was built in the town of Sacramenia in Segovia, Spain, in the 12th century but dismantled in the 20th century and shipped to New York City in the United States. It was eventually reassembled at 16711 West Dixie Highway, North Miami Beach, Florida, where it is now an Episcopal church and tourist attraction called Ancient Spanish Monastery.</p><br>
<h2>History from 1133–1926</h2><br>
<p>The Cistercian monastery was constructed during the years 1133–1141.</p><br>
<p>It was originally named "Monastery of Our Lady, Queen of the Angels", or the "Royal Monastery of Saint Mary" (Spanish: Santa María la Real), but it was renamed to honor Bernard of Clairvaux (in Spanish San Bernardo de Claraval) upon his canonization. Use of the building as a Cistercian monastery lasted for almost 700 years until it was seized and sold off to be used as a granary and a stable during a period of social unrest in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>It was located in an area known as Coto de San Bernardo (St. Bernard land preserve), two miles from Sacramenia in the province of Segovia (Spain). The Monasterio was in a mountain region at 830 m above sea level, on a high plateau near the Sierra de Guadarrama, the region is known for extreme weather.</p><br>
<p>The area has medieval churches, chapels, monasteries, walls, castles, within the natural landscape of the Duratón River Gorges.</p><br>
<p>The traditional access to the monastery was an ancient path with the masonry ruins of a watermill. The monastery was constructed with necessary defensive strength among a web of minor fortresses in an area heavily populated by Muslims.</p><br>
<p>The monastery was founded by Alfonso VII of Castile and León and built in the traditional style of Cistercian Romanesque architecture in Spain. Alfonso VII had introduced the Cistercians monasteries into Spain and after the monastery&#39;s completion, he settled in place Cistercian monks who had come from France. Alfonso VII, and afterward his grandson Alfonso VIII of Castile, extended privileges to the monastery several times in order to exempt rights of way tax for people and goods, and grant freedom of movement for their grazing flocks.</p><br>
<p>The Christian conquests and reconquests were followed by migrations of Muslims for religious reasons that could cause the depopulation of entire areas. Muslims had populated the surviving cities that had been founded during the Roman Empire and Visigothic civilization. The area of Segovia had a large Muslim population which resisted the Christian reconquest several times after attempts at cultural assimilation. The newly founded monasteries served, among other things, as centers of evangelization and colonization. Abundant irrigation systems, canals, ditches, and castles had already been constructed during the Muslim era.</p><br>
<p>The Muslim people established their cities on the banks of rivers, because their economy was based on agriculture, concentrating on the cultivation of irrigated land. Some areas of the Pyrenees had not been effectively occupied because of the high altitude, but the traffic of people and goods was controlled by establishing fortified steps at the entrance to the valleys.</p><br>
<p>Because of Muslim occupation, the nobles and Christian clergy had settled mostly in the north of present-day Spain, then small independent Christian kingdoms. There they began to organize churches and monasteries around which the Christian communities soon developed. Religious communities revived trade among other Iberian towns especially in wool and salt, also the cultivation of vines and raising of livestock.</p><br>
<p>Differences between newly arrived monks and earlier residents of the area caused altercations concerning the passage of merchant mule caravans, the exploitation of salt, water use in the region&#39;s villages, dominion over the towns, pastures, and tithes.</p><br>
<p>Some parts of the monastery were rebuilt after being destroyed by fire in 1641. The abbey remained an active monastic community until 1835. The monastery was closed about 1836-1840 during Isabella II of Spain&#39;s rule as a consequence of the Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal. The Desamortización caused the exclaustration of the place, brought monastic life to an end and the main church was privatized. Its Romanesque abbey church remains one of the monuments of Sacramenia.</p><br>
<h2>History 1926–64</h2><br>
<p>The historic monastery building is for the most part in the United States, that is, the cloister, the chapter house and the refectory of the monks. The rest of the monastic compound, that is, the church and other facilities such as Cilla (mullion) remain privately owned in Spain, in Sacramenia village, although the grounds can be visited on certain days. It was declared a Spanish national monument on June 3, 1931.</p><br>
<p>The monastery&#39;s cloister and its outbuildings were illegally purchased and moved by William Randolph Hearst in 1926, despite Spanish government restrictions. In order to be transported to the United States, the structures were carefully dismantled, each piece was numbered and packaged in wooden crates lined with hay. The total shipment comprised 11,000 crates. However, some of the information contained in this labeling process was lost when the shipment was quarantined in the USA because of a break-out of hoof and mouth disease in Segovia. During the quarantine, the crates were opened and the hay filling was burned as a measure to prevent the spread of the disease. During the repackaging, the contents of the crates were not replaced correctly. William Randolph Hearst was ultimately unable to pursue his plan of rebuilding the monastery at San Simeon because of financial difficulties. The dismantled buildings were stored in a warehouse in Brooklyn, New York until they were purchased in 1952 by Raymond Moss and William Edgemon, who eventually reassembled them on the site of a small plant nursery in northern Miami There the religious buildings became a tourist attraction known as the Ancient Spanish Monastery.</p><br>
<p>Raymond Moss and William Edgemon took charge of the reconstruction of the historic building in 1964. They added other decorative pieces from different Spanish buildings to the original complex, such as the large round carved-stone coat of arms seen in the cloister. The coat of arms originally belonged to the House of Alburquerque and came from the monastery of San Francisco de Cuellar, also in the province of Segovia. The chapel was erected in the 15th century by Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, favorite of Henry IV of Castile and the first Duke of Alburquerque to be earmarked for the family vaults, which were also sold in the 20th century after the secularization of the monastery.</p><br>
<p>Reassembling the ancient monastic buildings took 19 months and cost almost 1.5 million dollars. Some of the original stones remained unused in the process.</p><br>
<h2>History 1964–date</h2><br>
<p>St bernard de clairvaux church entrance 2006.jpgEntrance to the cloisters.</p><br>
<p>St bernard de clairvaux church cloisters 2006.jpgView inside the cloisters.</p><br>
<p>St bernard de clairvaux church gardens 2006.jpgGardens surrounding the building.</p><br>
<p>The Casements is a mansion in Ormond Beach, Florida, USA, famous for being the winter residence of American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. It is currently owned by the city of Ormond Beach and is used as a cultural center and park. It is located on a barrier island within the city limits, overlooking the Halifax River, which is now part of the Florida Intracoastal Waterway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1913 for the Reverend Dr. Harwood Huntington of New Haven, Connecticut. It was named for the many casement windows incorporated into the design of the building, which helped keep the interior cool in spite of Florida&#39;s subtropical climate.</p><br>
<h3>The Rockefeller era</h3><br>
<p>Its most famous resident, John D. Rockefeller, purchased the home as his winter residence in 1918. Rockefeller was seventy-eight years old when he moved into the Casements. He became known in the area for his elaborate Christmas parties, his love of golf, and for handing out dimes to his neighbors or visitors. During a golf game with Harvey Firestone, the tire magnate made such a good shot that Rockefeller decided he deserved a dime and handed one to his somewhat embarrassed guest.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, Edward VIII, Henry Ford, and Will Rogers visited Rockefeller at The Casements; Rogers once quipped, "I’m glad you won (at golf) today, Mr. Rockefeller. The last time you lost, the price of gasoline went up!"</p><br>
<p>Guests at The Casements received a poem along with their new dime. This poem is believed to have been written by Rockefeller:</p><br>
<p>It was in this home that Rockefeller eventually died in his sleep on the morning of May 23, 1937. The Rockefeller family sold The Casements in 1939.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Maud van Woy purchase The Casements on November 8, 1940 to establish Casements Junior College and Preparatory School. In December 1942, van Woy was sued for failure to meet a $10,000 promissory note for The Casements property, triggering a clause that required her to pay the $30,000 loan balance in full ($ in today&#39;s money). She solved her financial problems by closing another school she owned in Washington, D.C. and moving its students to Casements Junior College.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 20 years, The Casements served as a girls&#39; preparatory school and a home for the elderly. In 1959 the property was purchased by the Hotel Ormond Corporation with plans for development, but those plans never materialized. In 1973, The Casements was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The next year, it was purchased for $500,000 by the City of Ormond Beach, which eventually restored it until October 1979 to serve as a cultural and community center.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, The Casements underwent a $1.1 million renovation project.</p><br>
<h2>The gardens</h2><br>
<p>The Casements gardens are an authentic restoration of a two-acre garden along the Halifax riverfront that belonged to John D. Rockefeller Sr. in the early 1900s. The gardens feature citrus trees, a grand promenade, streams and small bridges and a variety of seasonal flower displays during the year.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry is an unincorporated historic community and census-designated place  in Stanislaus County, California, United States. Nestled in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, it is about 30 mi east of Modesto on the Stanislaus River. The Williams Ranch near the town was one of many filming locations for the television series Bonanza and Little House on the Prairie.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry is home to the Knights Ferry Bridge, the longest covered bridge west of the Mississippi River at 330 ft in length. It is also home to a and a museum about the history of the town and also about local wildlife. The town&#39;s ruins include a mill and a jail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When gold was discovered in California in 1849, Dr. William Knight rediscovered a place which he and John C. Fremont had previously found to be a favorable river crossing, and established a ferry boat there. Soon, the ferry boat prospered and Knight and Captain James Vantine built a hotel and trading post near the crossing. On November 9, 1849, Knight was killed in a gunfight and was buried in an unmarked grave. Knights family believed he was stabbed to death in his bed and was buried near the gate in the yard of John Dents house, which was Dr. Knights place at the time. John Dent and his brother Lewis immediately took possession of Bill Knights property at Knight&#39;s Ferry following the murder.</p><br>
<p>After Knight&#39;s death, Vantine operated the ferry alone until he formed another collaboration with John and Lewis Dent, whose sister Julia married future USA President Ulysses S. Grant. In 1852, Vantine sold his properties in the area to the Dents and moved elsewhere. A new townsite under the name of "Dentville" was laid out by John Dent. The inhabitants continued to call the town "Knights Ferry" and "Knights Crossing".</p><br>
<p>In 1852 a toll bridge replaced the ferry, but it was destroyed by the Great Flood of 1862. The new covered bridge was built at a higher level than the previous one, and it still stands today. This bridge was used for car traffic until it was closed in 1985 to prevent damage. In addition to being the longest covered bridge west of the Mississippi River, the bridge is one of the nation&#39;s finest examples of a Howe truss covered bridge. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry became the county seat in 1862, replacing La Grange. It was soon succeeded by the new, prosperous railroad boomtown of Modesto, in 1871.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of historic contributions that make up the Knights Ferry Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Schell House. Built in 1856, it was built of sandstone for Abraham Schell, owner of the Rancho del Río Estanislao.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Dent House. Built in 1851, it was owned by Lewis Dent, the brother-in-law of future President Ulysses S. Grant, who visited Knights Ferry in 1852, when he was an army captain in Benicia and Eureka. It is the oldest home in the community.</p><br>
<p>Knights Ferry Community Church. Built in 1890 to replace the previous structure constructed in 1860, the church conserved the original pews, altar and upper windows. The church still hosts services by Pastor Bob Sadler.</p><br>
<p>General Store. California&#39;s oldest operating general store was built in 1852 by Moulton and Drew as the second structure in the town. It was bought by George Valpey, who became a Wells Fargo agent in 1867.</p><br>
<p>Millers Hall. Constructed in 1863, the building operated as a restaurant, pool and poker parlor on the ground floor, and a dance hall upstairs. It was restored in 1984 by the Knights Ferry History and Museum Associates and now is home to the post office, community library, ice cream parlor and local-made goods shop.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Located next to Knights Ferry is the Knights Ferry Recreation Area, managed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. This recreation area includes a "put in" location for Class I-II rafting trips on the Stanislaus River. Rafting most often occurs April through October. Water in the lower Stanislaus is discharged from the base of New Melones Dam, resulting in clear and cold water even in the warmest months of summer. The Army Corps of Engineers maintains recreational facilities along the Stanislaus River. Park rangers caution rafters to exercise caution and use life vests, as the rapids below Knights Ferry can be challenging when the river is high.</p><br>
<p>The ZIP Code is 95361. The town is inside area code 209. Knights Ferry is part of the Modesto Metropolitan Statistical Area.</p><br>
<h2>Willms Ranch</h2><br>
<p>Willms Ranch is a California Historical Landmark in Knights Ferry.</p><br>
<p>The California Historical Landmark number 415 reads:</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>In the California State Legislature, Knights Ferry is in, and in.</p><br>
<p>In the United States House of Representatives, Knights Ferry is in.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Knights Ferry first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 USA Census.</p><br>
<h3>2020 Census</h3><br>
<h2>Sister city</h2><br>
<p>San Jerónimo (Los Barbosa), Jalisco, Mexico</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Knights Ferry has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.</p><br>
<p>The Renaissance Providence Hotel —is one of two monumental buildings in central Providence, Rhode Island, US, that remained unfinished and were then abandoned for decades. Originally intended as a meeting hall for the Freemasons, construction work began in 1927, but was halted in 1929 as a result of the financial crisis of that year. With the outbreak of World War II, construction was halted permanently. It was added  to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, along with the adjacent Veterans Memorial Auditorium. In 2004 the building was rehabilitated and opened as a hotel in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building, constructed in the Greek Revival style, is located prominently on Francis Street opposite the Rhode Island State House. The opening of the Providence Place Mall next door across Hayes Street has made the site prime real estate. In 2004, the building was purchased by Sage Hospitality Resources, which converted it into a luxury hotel, which opened in June 2007.</p><br>
<p>The adjoining building known as the Veterans Memorial Auditorium (VMA), located between the hotel and Interstate 95, was originally part of the same complex, and was connected to the unfinished Masonic Temple by a small structure at ground level. While construction halted at the same time as that at the Temple building, the auditorium was completed in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, the Hotel received widespread attention for its working conditions following worker attempts at unionizing and a viral YouTube video of a worker quitting in protest with a marching band. Workers at the hotel—a large number of whom are of Dominican origin—called for a boycott of the hotel. The Procaccianti Group of Cranston, Rhode Island, which bought the hotel in late 2012, denied any wrongdoing and called the boycott "misguided". The labor dispute continued after Omni Hotels, of Dallas, Texas, bought the property in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Thendara is a hamlet and census-designated place  in Herkimer County, New York, United States. Thendara is located in the Adirondack Park, in the southern part of the town of Webb, west of Old Forge on Route 28.</p><br>
<p>Thendara station is a station on the Adirondack Railroad; it was formerly the northern terminus of most northbound trains from Utica, which was extended to Tupper Lake in late spring, 2023. It was formerly known as "Fulton Chain", and was the junction of the Fulton Chain Railway with the Mohawk and Malone Railway (the latter now used by the scenic railroad).</p><br>
<p>The New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The Thendara Historic District was listed in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Thendara was the site of early efforts to settle the town of Webb in 1811, but the effort failed.</p><br>
<h2>Famous people</h2><br>
<p>Writer and acamedician Camille Paglia spent summers at Girl Scouts camp in Thendara.</p><br>
<p>Thendara Station NYC Railroad Jan 12.jpgThendara station in January 2012</p><br>
<p>Fort Nashborough, also known as Fort Bluff, Bluff Station, French Lick Fort, Cumberland River Fort and other names, was the stockade established in early 1779 in the French Lick area of the Cumberland River valley, as a forerunner to the settlement that would become the city of Nashville, Tennessee. The fort was not a military garrison. The log stockade was square in shape and covered 2 acre. It contained 20 log cabins and was protection for the settlers against wild animals and Indians. James Robertson and John Donelson are considered the founders, and colloquially, the "founders of Tennessee". The fort was abandoned in 1794, but the settlement, now the city of Nashville, became the capital of the new state of Tennessee in 1843.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The American Revolution broke out one month after Richard Henderson&#39;s purchase agreement with the Cherokee for the lands of the proposed Transylvania settlement was signed in March, 1775. The purchase included land above the Cumberland River in North Carolina (now north central Tennessee). Though much of the purchase had been invalidated by Virginia in 1778, lands in the vicinity of the Cumberland were still outstanding.</p><br>
<p>Most Cherokee towns wished to stay neutral in the growing contest between the colonists and Britain, but Chief Dragging Canoe considered the war an opportunity to resist the continual encroachment by frontiersmen on traditional Cherokee territories. American retaliatory raids against his Cherokee towns in eastern Tennessee eventually forced Dragging Canoe to move his people farther to the south and west &ndash;down the Tennessee River. In 1779 they settled along Chickamauga Creek (near present-day Chattanooga, Tennessee), becoming known as the Chickamauga Cherokees. Later they were forced to move even further west and southwest, where they established the "Five Lower Towns", and were often thereafter referred to as the "Lower Cherokee". Dragging Canoe had admonished the settlers that encroachment would result in "dark and bloody ground", and he would make good on his word.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<h3>Preparations</h3><br>
<p>Aside from a short-lived trading post established in 1689 by fur trader Martin Chartier, no attempt had previously been made to permanently settle the area then known only as French Lick along the banks of the Cumberland River. In 1779, John Buchanan Sr. migrated with his family from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, to North Carolina. He first went to the "over-mountain" area of Virginia (modern day eastern Kentucky) in order to leave the party&#39;s women and small children in a secure area. The settlers then headed down the Cumberland River and, in early 1779, built a fortified station at French Lick.</p><br>
<p>In February 1779, Overmountain leader James Robertson set out with a nine-man exploration party to the same area. Robertson had been a member of the Regulator Movement, as well as a founding leader of the Watauga settlement. A 3,000 acre (12 km) land grant was negotiated with Richard Henderson, a North Carolina land speculator, and arrangements were made for the movement of the group&#39;s families to the area. The colonists agreed to pay Henderson 26 pounds of silver per hundred acres, which was then considered an expensive price (equal to approximately $6.20/acre). Robertson charged three of his men to stay behind and plant corn in preparation for the arrival of the much larger group, which had remained behind in the Washington District.</p><br>
<p>Robertson then journeyed to the Illinois Country (an area claimed by Virginia at the time) to meet with General George Rogers Clark (a land agent of Virginia), who was dispensing "cabin rights" on very favorable terms. Robertson, whose 1772 Watauga settlement had originally been opposed to the control of the area by the Province of North Carolina, thought it possible that the yet-to-be established extended border between the Virginia and North Carolina frontiers might throw control of any new Cumberland River settlement to Virginia. Therefore, he wished to get secure and clear land titles to eliminate any future complications over ownership. After making provisional arrangements with General Clark, Robertson prepared for the colonization of the Cumberland country.</p><br>
<h3>Robertson by land</h3><br>
<p>On 1 November 1779, Robertson led some 200 settlers from Fort Patrick Henry, on Long Island, Kingsport, Tennessee toward Fort Nashborough. These settlers were to prepare for the later arrival of the partys women and children and were led by John Donelson out of the east over waterways. Robertsons brothers, Mark and John, were in the party, as well as his oldest son, 11-year-old Jonathan, who drove the sheep. The men were joined en route by John Rains and a number of his friends and allied families. This group decided to settle at French Lick, rather than continue upriver into that area which later became Kentucky. Their journey ended on Christmas Day, due to delays caused by the winter (described as the coldest one any of them had ever known).</p><br>
<h3>Donelson by river</h3><br>
<p>Starting out in early 1780, Donelsons group was halted after traveling only three miles on their river voyage. Ice, snow and cold had set in and the frozen river made progress impossible. There was no further movement until mid-February, and when the boats were eventually cut loose, they were hampered again by the swell of the river due to incessant heavy rains. Donelsons group also suffered greatly from Dragging Canoes promise of vengeance. On their way to French Lick they had to pass the Chickamauga towns on the westward flow of the Tennessee River. When the Donelson party had succeeded in that, however, and made the turn to the north (in what is today Hardin County, Tennessee), the natives attacked them as they went past the Tennessee Rivers "Big Bend" (at Cerro Gordo). The war party captured one boat with 28 people on board. On March 20, 1780, they arrived at the mouth of the Tennessee River and set up camp on a lowland which is now the site of Paducah, Kentucky. Weary, hungry and low on provisions, they were confronted by new difficulties. Their boats, having been constructed to float downstream, were scarcely able to ascend the rapid current of the Ohio, which due to heavy spring rains was particularly high and fast. They were also ignorant of the distance yet to be traveled, and the length of time which would be required to reach their final destination. Some of the company decided to abandon the journey to French Lick. A part of them floated down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to Natchez, the rest settling at points in Illinois along the Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The others, however, were determined to pursue their course up the Ohio from Paducah to the mouth of the Cumberland River, a distance which turned out to be only fifteen miles (24 km). Upon seeing it, they were unsure it was the Cumberland, because it seemed very much smaller in volume than they had expected to find. However, they had heard of no stream flowing into the Ohio between the Tennessee and Cumberland, and, therefore, decided to make the ascent. They were soon assured by the widening channel that they were correct in their conjectures. In order to make progress upstream, Donelson rigged his boat, the Adventure, with a small sail made out of a sheet. To prevent ill effects from any sudden gust of wind, a man was stationed at each lower corner of this sail with instructions to loosen it when the breeze became too strong.</p><br>
<h3>Settled</h3><br>
<p>Upon reaching their destination, Donelson reunited with Robertson, and the group cleared the land, building a settlement which they named in honor of General Francis Nash, who had won acclaim fighting in the American Revolution. Together these frontiersmen built other fortified "way-stations" in the vicinity which were named for members of the party; among these were Clover Bottom Mansion (the Donelson family plantation on the Stones River); Freelands Station; Manskers Station; Thompsons Station; and Buchanans Station—many still remembered as neighborhoods or towns in the modern Nashville area.</p><br>
<p>In 1780, Robertson drew up a constitution called the "Cumberland Compact," and the area began a new phase of autonomy from the government of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Fort life</h2><br>
<p>Buffalo, black bear, wild turkeys, white tail deer, beaver, raccoon, fox, elk, wolf, cougar, mink, and otter were abundant in the untamed forests. The pioneer familys most treasured possessions were their guns for hunting, axes for wood-cutting, seeds, and hoes for cultivating. Frontier life was a constant struggle, and without these necessities, survival was at risk. Corn was the most important crop for their daily diet, and corn whiskey was the remedy for all health problems. Henderson, ever the profiteer, arranged to have corn shipped from Kentucky at a cost of $200 a bushel for that first winter in Nashville. Linen, made from flax, or cotton was used for clothes. Animal skins and hides supplemented their wardrobes. The first white child born in the new settlement was James Robertsons son, Felix, on January 11, 1781. He eventually became one of the most influential physicians of the era.</p><br>
<p>The North Carolina Land Act of 1783 dubbed the "Land Grab Act" offered lots in 100 acre tracts for the price of about five dollars. Much property was awarded for honorable military service. Native American lands reserved by treaties and previous claims were not legally available, but in the haste, confusion and greed, there were many squatters and boundary disputes.</p><br>
<h3>Native American attacks</h3><br>
<p>The largest and most numerous tribes in the region were the Muscogee (Creek) to the south, and the Cherokee to the east and over the Cumberland Plateau, who were originally peaceful to the eastern British colonials. But from the beginning, the Cumberland settlements had very little peace, and were continually attacked. The tribes resented past concessions, broken treaties, and further encroachment on their hunting grounds.</p><br>
<p>War Chief Dragging Canoes Chickamauga Cherokee, and their Muscogee allies, continued attacks on the frontier settlements for the next fourteen years. The settlers had to be on guard against Indian attacks at all times. On April 2, 1781, a force of Chickamauga Cherokee attacked the fort at the bluffs. In the attack, known as the "Battle of the Bluffs," the Indians succeeded in luring most of the men out of the fort, then cutting them off from the entrance. But the settlers managed to escape back to the fort, while the Cherokee captured their horses. They also had help from the forts dogs, turned loose by the women. The attacks decreased the following year.</p><br>
<p>Because of political pressures, the Cherokee allies of the Chickasaw decided to make peace with the Cumberland settlers and the new nation. This was partially because Piominko, an influential chief and leader, considered the pioneers to be less of a threat than the Spanish government.</p><br>
<h2>Incorporation</h2><br>
<p>The settlement was incorporated as the town of Nashville by North Carolina in 1784. It went on to become the capital of Tennessee upon its admission as the 16th state in 1796. It was chartered as a city in 1806, and is the largest city in the state in the modern era.</p><br>
<h2>History Center</h2><br>
<p>A small replica of the fort, located in Downtown Nashville along First Avenue North, several hundred meters from the original site of the fort, was built in the 1930s, fell into disrepair and was demolished in 2015. On July 13, 2017 a ribbon-cutting ceremony was held at the site of the newly renovated Fort Nashborough History Center, where families from Nashville and around the world can learn about Nashville&#39;s story. The new History Center is a more inclusive representation of the past, and includes a plaza dedicated to Native American history.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Pike Residence Hotel is a historic commercial building at 701 South Scott Street in Little Rock, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1929 by the Farrell Hotel Company at an approximate cost of $1,000,000. It was designed by architect Eugene John Stern in the Italian-Spanish Revival style. The two main wings are eight stories each, and extend out towards Scott Street. These two wings are connected across the back by a ten-story cross section. Decorated stone pediments extend above the roof line in the center of each wing. The cloister type porch graces the main entries which are flanked by triple arched leaded-glass windows. Above the entries are terra cotta medallions featuring heraldic shields with the initials "AP". The elaborate decor includes detailed stenciling, leaded and stained glass windows, extensive decorative tile, iron work, and ornate light fixtures. The coffered ceiling in the two story main lobby is overlooked by an open mezzanine floor that contains fine antique furnishings, including a custom made Hazelton Bros. grand piano, designed to match the building&#39;s interior structural features.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is named after one of Arkansas&#39; leading historical figures, Albert Pike, a teacher, attorney, newspaperman, Confederate Brigadier General, and later a judge of the Arkansas Supreme Court. Pike was also a prominent member of the Freemasons, and his writings were officially embraced by the Scottish Rite appendant branch of that fraternity throughout much of the USA The building was a hotel from its construction in 1928 (opening in 1929) until December 1971, when the Second Baptist Church assumed ownership and began its Albert Pike Residence Hotel ministry. The purpose was to provide a family retirement community that was happy and uplifting.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the hotel secured a Section 231 loan for $2,400,000 from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. This made possible the renovation of the hotel infrastructure bringing it up to current fire and safety standards.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Pike Hotel was entered into the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior in 1978. A grant from the Historical Preservation Society helped to restore the public and community areas to their original condition.</p><br>
<p>In late 1985, the hotel was purchased by a privately held corporation in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Since that time continuous upgrades, such as the addition of kitchen facilities, were made in efficiency, one, and two bedroom apartments. The apartments were created where two hotel rooms had connecting doors. Non connecting rooms are studio apartments with microwave-refrigerator combo units.</p><br>
<p>The North Lounge was restored in 1994 and was made a smoke-free environment. It provides a common activities room, television lounge, post office boxes, and library. Regular events are held to inform residents of health and community services available in the area, as well as weekly bingo, monthly birthday parties, and special occasion and holiday parties.</p><br>
<p>Marven Gardens is a neighborhood in Margate City, New Jersey, United States, located on the Jersey Shore, two miles  south of Atlantic City. The name Marven Gardens is a portmanteau derived from Margate City and Ventnor City, because it lies on the border of Margate City and Ventnor City.</p><br>
<p>Marven Gardens is surrounded by Ventnor Avenue, Winchester Avenue, Fredericksburg Avenue and Brunswick Avenue. The streets within it are Circle Drive, East Drive and West Drive, and signs at the end of each of these streets pay homage to its Monopoly heritage, with Marven Gardens on a yellow background, and replicas of the house playing pieces adorn the posts on each sign. Most of the homes were built in the 1920s and 1930s. Over 48% of the neighborhood&#39;s homes being seasonally occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Marven Gardens Historic District is a 16 acre historic district encompassing the entirety of the neighborhood. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 13, 1990, for its significance in architecture, community planning and development. The district includes 105 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Monopoly</h2><br>
<p>Marven Gardens is famous as a yellow property on the original version of the Monopoly game board, although the game misspelled the name as Marvin Gardens. The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd, who taught the game to Charles Darrow, its eventual patentee. His homemade Monopoly board was copied by Parker Brothers.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. It is the only property on the board that is not located within Atlantic City.</p><br>
<p>The Rio Grande Gorge Bridge, locally known as the "Gorge Bridge" or the "High Bridge", is a steel deck arch bridge across the Rio Grande Gorge 10 mi northwest of Taos, New Mexico, United States. Roughly 600 ft above the Rio Grande, it is the seventh highest bridge in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was started in 1963 and completed in 1965. It was dedicated on September 10, 1965 and is a part of USA Route 64, a major east–west road. The span is 1,280 ft: two 300 ft approach spans with a 600 ft main center span.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>In 1966 the American Institute of Steel Construction awarded the bridge "Most Beautiful Steel Bridge" in the "Long Span" category.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>A $2.4 million "facelift" to the bridge was completed in September 2012. This year-long project included repair and restoration work to the 50-year-old bridge including structural steelwork, a new concrete deck surface, new sidewalks, ramps, curbs, and gutters.</p><br>
<h2>Suicide problem</h2><br>
<p>The bridge has been the site of numerous suicides. Authorities are studying ways to deter suicides, including the construction of suicide barriers, such as higher fencing, netting, or more security, and also hotline buttons, but cite money as a major reason no steps have been taken.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge height discrepancy</h2><br>
<p>Although one of the highest bridges in the US, exactly how high the main span is above ground is up in the air. When it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967, this distance was cited as 650’ over the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>And today that number is still widely used.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 however, the Highest Bridges Web Site came out with a substantially lower (565’) figure.</p><br>
<p>Wikipedia used this 565’ figure in 2012 when updating its List of bridges in the United States by height, but kept the 650’ (200 meter) figure for the bridge in its Rio Grande del Norte National Monument article.</p><br>
<p>And then in 2015, a height of 600’ appeared on the scene. An author of a bridge book noted this discrepancy and recommended this compromise number be used until the matter was authoritatively resolved. This 600’ figure then cropped up in a January 2016 Materials Performance Magazine white paper about the bridge&#39;s then just completed inspection by the New Mexico Department of Transportation.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The bridge has appeared in several films, including Natural Born Killers, Twins, White Sands, She&#39;s Having a Baby, The Signal, Paul, Vacation, Wild Hogs, and Terminator Salvation.</p><br>
<p>Scoville Memorial Library is the public library of Salisbury, Connecticut. Established in 1803, it was the first in the United States open to the public free of charge. It is located at 38 Main Street, in an architecturally distinguished Romanesque 1894 building donated by Jonathan Scoville, a local philanthropist. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The library collection began in 1771, when Richard Smith, owner of a local blast furnace, used community contributions to buy 200 books in London. Patrons could borrow and return books on the third Monday of every third month. Fees were collected for damages, the most common being "greasing" by wax dripped from the candles by which the patrons read. In 1805, a gift of books from Caleb Bingham, a Salisbury native, created the Bingham Library for Youth, followed by the Church Library, the gift of Miss Harriet Church. In time, these various collections, along with additional purchases, were gathered together and housed at the Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>On April 9, 1810, a Salisbury town meeting voted to authorize the "selectmen draw upon the town treasurer for the sum of one hundred dollars" to purchase more books for the Scoville Memorial Library collection, making the library the first publicly supported free town library in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, Jonathan Scoville, another Salisbury native, left $12,000 in his will for a library building. This bequest, together with contributions from other Scoville family members, financed the construction of a gray marble building, built from native stone quarried near Lion&#39;s Head Road. Miss Grace Scoville donated a tower clock, which continues to chime the quarter hours with four, eight, twelve, and sixteen notes from Parsifal.</p><br>
<p>The original building was designed to serve the town as its library and community center. In addition to a reading room, with children&#39;s corner, reference department, and stacks, there was an auditorium with piano, stage, and balcony. Refreshments for various literary and musical events were prepared downstairs in the kitchen and pantries. A 15th-century stone carving, sent by Salisbury Cathedral in England, was placed over the fireplace at the far end of the reading room, where it remains today. The carving depicts a row of 3 quatrefoils. The centermost one contains a shield with a lion facing left, standing on its hind legs. The outermost 2 depict eagles with one wing outstretched inwards.</p><br>
<p>By 1981, the library had outgrown the space available, and a new rear section was built along the outside walls of the original building, providing room for books, offices, and community events.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The library&#39;s holdings have now grown to over 30,000 items, including a well-rounded core collection of fiction and nonfiction, books-on-tape and videos, large-print books, reference material and maps, periodicals and newspapers, The Lakeville Journal on microfilm, as well as books from the original collections. In addition the library houses an archive collection with materials related to Salisbury, Lakeville, and Ore Hill history and genealogy, as well as works of art including portraits of members of the Scoville family by Ellen Emmet Rand.</p><br>
<p>The Scoville Memorial Library is a not-for-profit association and is governed by an independent board of trustees. While it serves as the town&#39;s public library, it is funded largely by private donations.</p><br>
<p>The Hunter&#39;s Home, formerly known as the George M. Murrell Home, is a historic house museum at 19479 E Murrel Rd in Park Hill, near Tahlequah, Oklahoma in the Cherokee Nation. Built in 1845, it is one of the few buildings to survive in Cherokee lands from the antebellum period between the Trail of Tears relocation of the Cherokee people and the American Civil War. It was a major social center of the elite among the Cherokee in the mid-nineteenth century. It has been owned by the state since 1948, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built by George Michael Murrell, a wealthy white planter and merchant married to Minerva Ross, the niece of prominent Cherokee leader John Ross. He called it Hunter&#39;s Home due to his fondness for the fox hunt. The Murrells came to Indian Territory about the time of the Trail of Tears (1839). They furnished their house with the latest in fashions. They held 42 enslaved people, whom they housed in nine cabins on the large property.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the area surrounding Hunter&#39;s Home was frequently raided by forces loyal to both the Union and Confederacy. The home was spared destruction during this turbulent time and was the only local building to survive the conflict.</p><br>
<p>Cherokee Jennie Ross Cobb (1881–1959), one of the earliest Native American photographers, later lived in Hunter&#39;s Home and helped direct restoration of the house. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The building was acquired by the state in 1948, and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society as a historic house museum. It has been furnished reflecting the period 1830s-1860s, including furnishings and artifacts from the Murrell family. The Daniel Cabin is a log cabin on the property; it is used for living history demonstrations of Cherokee life in the 1850s. In 2018 the name was officially changed from Murrell Home to Hunter&#39;s Home.</p><br>
<p>Woodland Heights is a neighborhood in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It began as a trolleycar neighborhood in the early 1900s and was built up along the James River beside Forest Hill Park. Woodland Heights is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Registry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woodland Heights was first advertised in 1891 as a luxury riverside retreat with proximity to downtown Richmond and Forest Hill Park. At this time, the "South Bank" of the James River was still mainly farms and woodlands along Old Manchester&#39;s western edge. Woodland Heights is the oldest of three sister neighborhoods built along the Rhodes trolley car line, along with Westover Hills and Forest Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Amongst the first homes built in Woodland Heights was the T.D. Mann House. It was built in 1890, in the popular Victorian Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>Many subsequent homes built in Woodland Heights were of the American Four Square design from the Sears Roebuck catalog.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>Woodland Heights holds an annual House Tour and craft fair. It is located within walking distance of Forest Hill Park, Canoe Run Park, and Carter Jones Park. Forest Hill Park holds a farmer&#39;s market on Sundays.</p><br>
<p>Standard Adding Machine Company was founded in the early 1890s  in Illinois and was the first company to  release a 10-key adding machine. The machine was a breakthrough for its time because it dramatically modernized computing. Earlier key driven adding machines, like the comptometer, featured eight or more columns of nine keys, which made them cumbersome and costly and their operators prone to mistakes. The 10 keys were set on a single row.</p><br>
<p>The invention won an international grand prize during the 1904 World&#39;s Fair and was heralded as a "modern life preserver" in an office journal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William H. Hopkins, the inventor of the Standard Adding Machine, was a minister. When he moved to St. Louis in 1885 he served as chaplain and then pastor of St. Louis Second Christian Church. He continued to invent during those years and to find better ways to make an adding machine. In the 1890s, he left Second Christian Church and became assistant editor of the company that published The Christian Evangelist. William Hopkins filed his first patent on October 4, 1892. He registered the Hopkins Adding Machine Company in 1897, and in 1899 his company changed name to Standard Adding Machine Company (Illinois company was bought off).</p><br>
<p>The Standard Adding Machine Company released the first 10-key adding machine in about 1900. Hopkins&#39; success led to competition. By 1915, other adding machine companies were vying for business. In 1916, Hopkins died, and his company began to decline.</p><br>
<p>Standard Adding Machine closed in 1921. In the decades since, the building housed businesses such as St. Louis Pump & Equipment Co., Lee Paper Co., and most recently, Harrison-Williams Store Fixtures. Vacant since 2003, the building was renovated in 2005 by Aquinas Institute of Theology.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Because of the historical significance of the adding machine, the Standard Adding Machine building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Rocco A. Petrone Launch Control Center  is a four-story building at NASA&#39;s Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, used to manage launches of launch vehicles from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39. Attached to the southeast corner of the Vehicle Assembly Building, the LCC contains offices; telemetry, tracking, and instrumentation equipment; and firing rooms.</p><br>
<p>LCC has conducted launches since the unmanned Apollo 4 (Apollo-Saturn 501) launch on November 9, 1967. LCCs first launch with a human crew was Apollo 8 on December 21, 1968. NASAs Space Shuttle program also used LCC. NASA has renovated the center for Space Launch System (SLS) missions, which began in 2022 with Artemis 1. In February 2022, the center was renamed after former launch director Rocco A. Petrone.</p><br>
<h2>Firing rooms</h2><br>
<p>Launch operations are supervised and controlled from several control rooms known as firing rooms. The controllers are in control of pre-launch checks, the booster and spacecraft. Once the rocket has cleared the launch tower (usually within the first 10–15 seconds), is when control is switched over to the mission&#39;s relative mission control center. (The Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas for NASA launches or SpaceX Mission Control Center in Hawthorne, California for SpaceX launches.)</p><br>
<p>Extensive renovation of Firing Room 4 was finished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Firing Room 4 was leased by SpaceX and serves as their launch control center for Launch Complex 39A until August 2023 when the company moved into its own facility just before the launch of the Crew-7 mission.</p><br>
<h2>Key personnel</h2><br>
<h3>Launch Director (LD)</h3><br>
<p>The Launch Director is the head of the launch team, and is responsible for making the final "go" or "no go" decision for launch after polling the relevant team members. There have been eight different Space Shuttle launch directors between 1981 and 2011.</p><br>
<h3>Flow Director (FD)</h3><br>
<p>The Flow Director is responsible for the preparation of the spacecraft for launch, and remains in the LCC in an advisory capacity.</p><br>
<h3>NASA Test Director (NTD)</h3><br>
<p>The NASA Test Director is responsible for all pre-launch testing, whether involving the flight crew, the orbiter, the external tank/solid rocket booster, or ground support equipment. The NTD is also responsible for the safety of all personnel on the pad after fuelling has occurred. Reports to the Launch Director.</p><br>
<h3>Orbiter Test Conductor (OTC)</h3><br>
<p>The Orbiter Test Conductor is in charge of all pre-flight checkout and testing of the orbiter, and manages the engineers in the firing room who monitor the orbiter&#39;s systems. OTC is an employee of a contractor rather than of NASA.</p><br>
<h3>Tank/Booster Test Conductor (TBC)</h3><br>
<h3>Payload Test Conductor (PTC)</h3><br>
<p>The Payload Test Conductor is responsible for the pre-flight test and checkout of payloads carried by the orbiter and manages the engineering and test teams responsible for monitoring and controlling payload ground operations. PTC is a contractor member of the Space Shuttle Team.</p><br>
<h3>Launch Processing System Coordinator (LPS)</h3><br>
<p>The LPS Coordinator monitors and oversees the LPS System; specifically, the desired launch rate, Space Shuttle stacking (assembly), and all safety requirements. This is made possible by the Launch Processing System, or LPS &mdash; a highly automated, computer-controlled system that oversees the entire checkout and launch process.</p><br>
<h3>Support Test Manager (STM)</h3><br>
<h3>Safety Console Coordinator (SAFETY)</h3><br>
<h3>Shuttle Project Engineer (SPE)</h3><br>
<h3>Landing and Recovery Director (LRD)</h3><br>
<h3>No Landing and Recovery Director (NLRD)</h3><br>
<h3>Superintendent of Range Operations (SRO)</h3><br>
<p>The Superintendent of Range Operations ensures that all tracking and communications systems are ready to support the launch operation as well as ensuring that downrange airspace and splashdown areas remain clear for launch, and monitors weather near the launch site.</p><br>
<h3>Ground Launch Sequencer Engineer (CGLS)</h3><br>
<p>The Ground Launch Sequencer Engineer is responsible for monitoring the operation of the automated Ground Launch Sequencer system, which controls the countdown from T-9 minutes until launch. After this point through to T-31 seconds, they are in charge of implementing a manual hold if necessary. After T-31 seconds only an automatic cutoff is available. The automatic cutoff recycles the countdown clock to T-20 minutes. Usually this will extend the launch time beyond the launch window causing a scrub and a 24-hour turnaround.</p><br>
<p>The Hausgen House, a historic home, located on Walnut Lane in Anchorage, Kentucky, was constructed and is an example of the Colonial Revival design popular in eastern Jefferson County during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The home was built for H. Otto Hausgen by William B. Wood, known as Anchorage&#39;s master builder.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of the home is constructed of local limestone; quarried from the nearby community of Peewee Valley, Kentucky. Lumber, tools, and other materials used in the construction of the home were hauled in two-horse wagons, a commonly used conveyance of the time. The two-story frame and weatherboard house has a hipped roof and a one-story veranda, which spans the entire main façade. The front entryway includes an elaborate front door with overhead fanlights and sidelights - a typical feature with the Colonial Revival styles of the period. These features, along with the fine dentil molding of the porch and cornice work, make this house a particularly fine example of Wood&#39;s work. The home also features a multiple columned porch distinctive to the style. This home style went on to greatly influence the 1908 design of the W. S. Forrester House; a residence attributed to Henry Frank, a local builder who had served as an apprentice to Wood. Since its completion, Hausgen House has remained intact, with no known changes made to its Colonial Revival styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and has undergone significant renovations since that time.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park located in 18 ft of water, approximately 1.25 nmi south of Indian Key. It became the second Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it opened to the public in 1989. The heart of the park is the San Pedro, a submerged shipwreck from a 1733 Spanish flotilla, around which visitors can dive and snorkel. The San Pedro, a 287-ton Dutch-built vessel, and 21 other Spanish ships under the command of Rodrigo de Torres left Havana, Cuba, on Friday, July 13, 1733, bound for Spain. The San Pedro carried a cargo of 16,000 silver Mexican pesos and crates of Chinese porcelain. A hurricane struck the fleet, while entering the Straits of Florida, and sank or swamped most of the fleet. The wrecksite includes an "eighteenth century anchor, replica cannons, ballast stones encrusted with coral, a dedication plaque, and a mooring buoy system." The wreck was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>About The 1733 Spanish Fleet (flotilla)</h2><br>
<p>The 1733 Fleet was an entire Spanish convoy (except for one ship) lost in a hurricane off Florida. The lesser severity of the 1733 hurricane (which struck the fleet on July 15) and the shallowness of the wrecksites in the Keys, however, made for many survivors and even left four ships in good enough condition to be re-floated and sent back to Havana. A very successful salvage effort by the Spanish soon commenced, bringing up even more than the 12 million pesos of precious cargo on the Fleet&#39;s manifest (thanks to the usual contraband).</p><br>
<p>The wrecks themselves are spread across 80 miles, from north of Key Largo down to south of Duck Key, and include the following galleons (but note there is not universal agreement as to which wrecksite pertains to each galleon, and also note that each name is a contemporaneous abbreviation or nickname): El Pópulo, El Infante, San José, El Rubí (the capitana, or lead vessel of the fleet), Chávez, Herrera, Tres Puentes, San Pedro, El Terri (also spelled Lerri or Herri), San Francisco, El Gallo Indiano (the almiranta, or rear guard of the fleet), Las Angustias, El Sueco de Arizón, San Fernando, and San Ignacio. This last ship, San Ignacio, is believed to be the source of many silver coins (and even some gold coins) found in a reef area off Deer Key known as "Coffins Patch," the southwesternmost of all the 1733-Fleet wrecksites. In addition, many other related sites are known, mostly the wrecks of tag-along ships that accompanied the fleet proper.</p><br>
<p>The first and arguably most famous of the wrecks of the 1733 Fleet to be located in modern times was the Capitana El Rubí, which was discovered in 1948 and salvaged principally in the 1950s by Art McKee, whose Sunken Treasure Museum on Plantation Key housed his finds for all to see. Throughout the next several decades, however, the wrecksites in the Keys became a virtual free-for-all, with many disputes and confrontations, until the government created the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in 1990. The removal of artifacts from any of the sites is prohibited today.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the 1715 Fleet, and because of the extensive Spanish salvage in the 1730s, the finds by modern divers have been modest, especially in gold coins, of which there are far more fakes on the market than genuine specimens. Nevertheless, the 1733 Fleet has been a significant source for some of the rare Mexican milled "pillar dollars" of 1732-1733 as well as the transitional "klippe"-type coins of 1733.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational Activities</h2><br>
<p>Activities include boating, canoeing, snorkeling, scuba diving, fishing and swimming.</p><br>
<h2>Hours</h2><br>
<p>Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).</p><br>
<p>Fort Gratiot was an American stockade fort in Fort Gratiot, Michigan, in Saint Clair County, Michigan. The former location of the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Army constructed Fort Gratiot in 1814 as an outpost to guard the juncture of the Saint Clair River and Lake Huron. The fort took the name of the engineer supervising its construction, Charles Gratiot. Soldiers occupied Fort Gratiot until 1822 and then abandoned the fort. Lucius Lyon built Fort Gratiot Light north of Fort Gratiot in 1825–1829.</p><br>
<p>The Army then returned from 1828, and rebuilt the fort to a somewhat smaller size than the original, The site was used intermittently until 1879.</p><br>
<p>The Army abandoned Fort Gratiot in 1879. It was not entirely shut down until 1895.</p><br>
<p>Pine Grove Park occupies part of the fort site. The timber-framed hospital and officers quarters were moved multiple times within the fort, finally being placed in the western section, along what is now St. Claire Street. In the 1980s, archaeological work determined the age of the structures, and in 2000–02, the Port Huron Museum acquired both homes and moved them to a lot in Lighthouse Park, where the Fort Gratiot Lighthouse is located. Restoration began in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original fort was constructed entirely of wood. Logs formed the base, with piled earth and upright timbers forming a stockade. The fort was approximately 165 wide feet by 495 feet long. It likely had a two-story blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>Fort Winnebago was a 19th-century fortification of the United States Army located on a hill overlooking the eastern end of the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers east of present-day Portage, Wisconsin. It was the middle one of three fortifications along the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway that also included Fort Howard in Green Bay, Wisconsin and Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Fort Winnebago was constructed in 1828 as part of an effort to maintain peace between white settlers and the region&#39;s Native American tribes following the Winnebago War of 1827. The fort&#39;s location was chosen not only because of its proximity to the site of Red Bird&#39;s surrender in the Winnebago War, but also because of the strategic importance of the portage on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, a heavily traveled connection between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. Fort Winnebago&#39;s location near the portage allowed it to regulate transportation between the lakes and the Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of the participation of troops from the fort in the 1832 Black Hawk War, Fort Winnebago was not involved in any combat operations during its occupation by the USA Army. Instead, the garrison, which from 1829 to 1831 included Lt. Jefferson Davis (later President of the Confederate States of America), was put to work in building a military road between Portage and Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and assisting with the relocation of the Ho-Chunk Nation from Wisconsin to Minnesota during the 1840s. In 1845, the absence of any real threat to peace in the region prompted the abandonment of the fort. Nine years later the site was sold into private hands, and in 1856 a fire destroyed much of the fort.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"The Portage" was a land bridge just 1 1/4 miles wide separating waterways that flow into the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. The Fox River flows north toward Green Bay, providing access to the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River, and the Atlantic Ocean. The Wisconsin River flows southwest to the Mississippi River, which empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The area around Portage was an early travel route for Native Americans. Centuries before Europeans arrived, they traversed the 2700-pace footpath between the rivers and recognized it as an important travel route.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1800s, the USA government recognized the geographical importance of "le Portage", which became known as "Portage". Fort Winnebago was one of three forts built to subjugate the Native Americans and to protect Euro-American commerce along the Fox-Wisconsin water system in the territory that later became the state of Wisconsin. The other two were Fort Howard in Green Bay and Fort Crawford, in Prairie du Chien."By Command of Maj.-Gen. Macomb"</p><br>
<p>"R. Jones, Adjt.-Gen."</p><br>
<p>"here was necessity for some means of protection to the fur trade from Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) exactions;... the general government at the solicitation of John Jacob Astor, who was then at the head of the American Fur Company, and upon whose goods the Indians levied tariffs and tolls, authorized the erection of a post at portage."</p><br>
<h2>Fort Winnebago Surgeons Quarters</h2><br>
<p>Today, all that remain intact are the forts surgeons and officers quarters. This structure now operates as the Fort Winnebago Surgeons Quarters, a historic house museum operated by the Wisconsin Society Daughters of the American Revolution, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The surgeons quarters, built circa 1824 at the portage by Francois LeRoi and used as a sutler store, then sold to the US Army as a home for the Forts surgeon. The building now known as "the Surgeons Quarters" was built in 1824 by Francois Le Roi and Therese LEcuyer, a Métis. In it, they operated a fur trading and sutlers post and a portaging business. It is one of the oldest French colonial log homes in Wisconsin still standing on its original foundation and is the only remaining building of the historic Fort Winnebago, which was active from 1828 through 1845.</p><br>
<p>Garrison School was built circa 1850 near the former Fort property. Both properties are owned, operated, and maintained by the Wisconsin Society Daughters of the American Revolution, which operates it as a historic house museum with 19th century period furnishings and fort artifacts. Garrison School, a 19th-century one room schoolhouse that was in use until 1960, was moved from its former location on Garrison Road to its current site next to the surgeon&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<h3>Notable residents</h3><br>
<p>John Joseph Abercrombie Lt.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson Davis – Lt. 1829-1831</p><br>
<p>William S. Harney Cap., Col., Gen.</p><br>
<p>John H. Kinzie and Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie, Indian Sub-Agent</p><br>
<p>Randolph B. Marcy – Bvt. Second Lieut., 5th Infantry, 1832-1835</p><br>
<p>Edwin Vose Sumner</p><br>
<p>David E. Twiggs - Maj.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark Van Cleve</p><br>
<p>Horatio P. Van Cleve – Bvt. Second Lieut., 5th Infantry, 1831-1835, 1835-1836</p><br>
<h2>Indian Agency House</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Winnebago Old Indian Agency House is the only known Indian Agency still located on its original location. Known as the Historic Indian Agency House, it is also an original structure associated with the fort. It was erected in 1832 by the USA Government as a residence and office for Indian sub-Agent John H. Kinzie, who served as a liaison between the local Ho Chunk (also known as Winnebago) Nation and the USA Government, and his wife, Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie. Juliette later wrote a book about the couples experiences during this time entitled Wau-Bun, the "Early Day" in the Northwest&#39;. It has been operated as a museum since 1932 by The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Wisconsin. Artifacts and displays include items about Native American culture. It is open to the public for visitation May 15 through October 15 each year. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsville is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, located northwest of the citys downtown area. One of the citys oldest neighborhoods, Mechanicsville was established in the late 1860s for skilled laborers working in the many factories that sprang up along Knoxville&#39;s periphery. The neighborhood still contains a significant number of late-19th-century Victorian homes, and a notable concentration of early-20th-century shotgun houses. In 1980, several dozen properties in Mechanicsville were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Mechanicsville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Post-Civil War railroad construction lured heavy industry to the Second Creek valley, starting with the Knoxville Iron Company, which built a massive foundry just southeast of Mechanicsville in 1868. In the 19th century, when the neighborhood acquired its name, the word "mechanic" typically referred to factory workers. Mechanicsville was developed during this period to provide housing for Welsh iron specialists and African-American laborers working at Knoxville Iron and other area factories. By the 1880s, Mechanicsville was surrounded by large factories and mills, and contained most of Knoxville&#39;s railroad maintenance shops.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, Mechanicsville developed into a primarily African-American neighborhood, and was home to the historically black Knoxville College and Knoxville Medical College, and several early black entrepreneurs and professors.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mechanicsville is roughly bounded by Interstate 40 on the south, Interstate 275 on the east, Beaumont Avenue on the north, and Western Avenue (part of State Highway 62) on the west. Knoxville&#39;s downtown area, namely the Old City and the Southern Railway tracks, lie opposite I-40 to the southeast. The North Knoxville area lies east of I-275, and the Lonsdale area lies to the north. The Fort Sanders neighborhood lies on the other side of I-40 to the south and the University of Tennessee just blocks away.</p><br>
<p>University Avenue divides Mechanicsville into "Old Mechanicsville," which consists of the neighborhood&#39;s older, southeastern section, and "New Mechanicsville," which consists of the more recently developed northern section. The 39 acre campus of Knoxville College dominates the western portion of Mechanicsville.</p><br>
<p>Second Creek, which attracted numerous factories and mills to the area in the late nineteenth century, passes just west of Mechanicsville. Railroad tracks (now used by the Southern Railway), which also attracted industry to the area, pass just south and east of Mechanicsville, running roughly parallel to I-40 and I-275.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>During the Siege of Knoxville, in which Confederate forces under James Longstreet surrounded Knoxville in hopes of starving out Union forces occupying the city, Confederate lines criss-crossed the Mechanicsville area. Confederate pickets stretched between what is now Arthur Street and Clark Street from Western Avenue to Fifth Avenue, as well as along Iredell and Pickett. Several Confederate batteries, which provided part of the artillery barrage during the Battle of Fort Sanders, were situated in the hills where Knoxville College is now located.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, amateur Civil War historian Gary Goodson announced that he had determined that the Confederate Camp Van Dorn was located in Malcolm Martin Park, just west of Knoxville College, but his hypothesis was received with some skepticism.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Civil War development</h3><br>
<p>The combination of railroad construction and Northern financing led to a post-war economic boom in Knoxville, and it was during this period that dozens of factories were built along Second Creek. In 1867, 104 Welsh immigrant families were brought to the area from Pennsylvania by the Welsh-born Richards brothers, Joseph and David, to work in a local rolling mill.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Civil War general-turned-entrepreneur Hiram S. Chamberlain and the Richards brothers established the Knoxville Iron Company, which erected a massive foundry and nail factory across Second Creek from McGhee&#39;s Addition (part of this complex, now known simply as "The Foundry," still stands). Chamberlain provided the business expertise, while the Richards brothers provided the technical expertise. Several houses in Mechanicsville still have fences made from iron cast at the Knoxville Iron foundry in the 1870s and 1880s.</p><br>
<p>As more factory specialists and laborers moved into the area, Mechanicsville began to grow. The Welsh community expanded to include an area known as the Deaderick&ndash;Swann Addition, which included much of modern Deaderick and Arthur streets, and adjacent streets. Residents in this section built many of Mechanicsvilles elaborate Victorian homes in the 1880s and 1890s. African-American factory workers settled primarily in the Middleton&ndash;Weatherford Addition, which was concentrated around what is now Calloway and Boyd streets. McAnallys Addition, commonly called McAnally Flats, consisted of the area south of Western Avenue, in the vicinity of Leslie Street Park. This latter section developed a reputation as a rough slum in later years, and provided the setting for part of the Cormac McCarthy novel, Suttree.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsville residents voted to be annexed by Knoxville in 1882. Knoxville was initially lukewarm to the idea, but agreed to accept Mechanicsville as its Ninth Ward on January 1, 1883. At the time of its annexation, Mechanicsville reported a population of just over 2,000, three churches, two schools, six general stores, and a greenhouse. Along with Knoxville Iron, factories located in and around Mechanicsville during this period included the Knoxville Brewing Company (on McGhee), the Standard Handle Company, the W. H. Evans and Son marble company, the Knoxville Car and Wheel Company, and the Greenleaf Turntable Manufactory.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>As the Welsh immigrant families became more successful, they established other businesses in Knoxville, and in subsequent decades, many Welsh dispersed into other sections of the city. Today, more than 250 families in greater Knoxville can trace their ancestry to these original immigrants. The Welsh tradition in Knoxville is remembered through the Welsh descendants celebration of Saint Davids Day.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Mechanicsville evolved into a prosperous neighborhood of African American businesses and working families, and remained so for several decades. One of the first African-American institutions in Mechanicsville was the Fairview School, built on land donated by John Moses in 1875 (Dora Street is believed to have been named for Mosess sister, Dora Pearson Walker). The school was later renamed the Moses School, with the present building completed in 1930. Knoxville College, established in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church, remained the citys primary black institution throughout the first half of the 20th century. Cansler Street in Mechanicsville is named for Charles W. Cansler (1871&ndash;1953), a leading black citizen and advocate for African-American rights in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Mechanicsville experienced a decline during the second half of the 20th century as Knoxvilles middle class moved from urban areas to suburbs on the citys periphery. A number of old homes were demolished to make way for the construction of the expressway that would eventually become I-40, and others deteriorated as they were converted into low-rent apartments. College Homes, a public housing development, was built as an urban renewal project near the commercial center of the neighborhood, northwest of Knoxville College. High crime rates continued to drive residents away, however, leaving many homes vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Mechanicsville today</h2><br>
<p>Major community revitalization efforts in Mechanicsville began in the 1970s with the establishment of the preservation group Mechanicsville Citizens for a Better Community. In 1985, Knoxville created the Mechanicsville Task Force, which made recommendations on the rehabilitation of historic homes and the construction of new homes. During the same period, a study on the blighting conditions in the neighborhood was conducted, culminating in the report, "A Redevelopment Plan for Historic Mechanicsville, Knoxville, Tennessee."</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the local public housing authority, Knoxville&#39;s Community Development Corporation (KCDC), received a $22 million HOPE VI grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to revitalize the College Homes portion of the neighborhood. The families living in the College Homes barracks-style apartments were relocated and the housing project was demolished. The area was then rebuilt with single family and duplex homes designed to blend architecturally with remaining late 19th century neighborhood. In addition, KCDC purchased over 100 vacant lots throughout the neighborhood for new construction, which was also designed to fit in architecturally with the remaining neighborhood. Efforts were made to enable low income families from the area to rent or purchase these homes.</p><br>
<p>A number of corporations have recently located offices and businesses in the area, including the Knoxville News-Sentinel, Cherokee Health Systems, Pilot Oil, Fort Sanders Health System, and a Food City grocery store.</p><br>
<h2>Mechanicsville Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Mechanicsvilles National Register historic district comprises one of the oldest extant neighborhoods from Knoxvilles post-Civil War expansion. Some of its Victorian houses exhibit distinctively Italianate and Gothic influences uncommon in nearby neighborhoods such as Fourth and Gill and Old North Knoxville. The section of Old Mechanicsville along Calloway and Boyd contains Knoxville&#39;s largest concentration of early twentieth century shotgun houses.</p><br>
<h3>Notable buildings</h3><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 5 (419 Arthur Street), a two-story Neoclassical-style firehall built in 1909. This building is Knoxville&#39;s oldest firehall, and was listed individually on the National Register in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Moses School (221 Arthur Street), a three-story brick school building constructed in 1930. A school has existed at this site since the establishment of the Fairview school in 1875. The school was known as the Ninth Ward School in the 1880s, but was eventually renamed for John L. Moses, who had donated the property for the school. The current school building now houses Knoxville&#39;s only charter School, Emerald Academy. Prior to the charter school the building housed a branch of the Knoxville Police Department Training Academy, and a local chapter of the Boys and Girls Club.</p><br>
<p>501 Arthur (501 Arthur Street), a two-story brick commercial structure with a two-tier porch, built circa 1910. This building was for many years home to a grocery store known as Bradley Food Market, and was most recently home to a Buddhist temple.</p><br>
<p>1524 Western Avenue, a two-story wedge-shaped building with brick band, built circa 1900; originally a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>1545 Western Avenue, a two-story brick Victorian-style commercial structure built circa 1900; formerly home to Western Heights Hardware.</p><br>
<p>244 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story brick commercial structure built circa 1900; wedge-shaped to fit the intersection of Deaderick and Carrick.</p><br>
<p>224 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story house with Gothic Revival elements and a bay window with a sunburst motif, built circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>243 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house with Eastlake-style porch, built circa 1890.</p><br>
<p>415 Clark Street, a one-story Queen Anne-style cottage built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>1007 Oak Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house with an Eastlake-style front porch and a decorated iron fence, built circa 1890.</p><br>
<p>1008 McGhee Avenue, a one-story shotgun house built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>1012 McGhee Avenue, a one-story shotgun house built circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>1509 Boyd Street, a one-story shotgun house built circa 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Landmark and a National Historic Site located at 110½ E. Leigh Street on "Quality Row" in the Jackson Ward neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia. The site was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1975. The historic site protects the restored and originally furnished home of Walker. Tours of the home are offered by National Park Service rangers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Maggie Walker NHS is located north of downtown Richmond, in the city&#39;s historically black Jackson Ward neighborhood. It consists of six buildings on the north side of East Leigh Street, including 110 A E. Leigh Street, 112 E. Leigh Street, 114 East Leigh Street, 600 North 2nd Street, and 602 North 2nd Street. Most of these buildings have exteriors reflective of the early 20th century, with their interiors repurposed to house Park Service facilities, including a museum and visitor center, as well as curatorial spaces.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the site is the Maggie Walker House, a two-story Victorian Gothic brick rowhouse located near the center of the block of East Leigh between 1st and 2nd Streets. A Colonial Revival porch with sunroom above covers the front of the house. The interior is furnished with original belongings of Maggie Lena Walker, and period furnishings dating to the 1920s and 1930s. The house, complete with Walker&#39;s effects, was donated to the people of the United States by her descendants in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Maggie Walker, the daughter of a slave, was a pioneering African-American businesswoman and civil rights activist. She was an influential member of the NAACP, and is credited with founding the first African-American, female-owned bank, St. Luke&#39;s Penny Bank (long since folded by mergers into other institutions), in 1902. She was also involved in local philanthropic efforts, supporting schools for education African-American girls in Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Wright Park is a 27 acre arboretum and public park located in Tacoma, Washington, that is managed by Metro Parks Tacoma. The park was designed by Bavarian landscape architect Edward Otto Schwagerl. The park was named in honor of Charles Barstow Wright, who had donated the land for the project.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The arboretum contains over 700 mature trees, representing about 100 native and exotic species.</p><br>
<p>Several artworks are installed in the park, including a bust of Henrik Ibsen, the Greek maidens nicknamed "Annie" and "Fannie", Fisherman&#39;s Daughter, Trilogy, and a pair of lions.</p><br>
<h3>W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory</h3><br>
<p>The W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory is a Victorian-style conservatory located in Wright Park. Built in 1907, it was named in honor of donor William W. Seymour. Designed by Isaac J. Knapp, its wings and twelve-sided central dome contain some 3,500 panes of glass. Six sculptures created by former conservator Clarence Deming rest among the plants and reflect African, Māori, and Aztec traditions.</p><br>
<p>The conservatory contains more than 550 plant species in its permanent collection, including agapanthus, azaleas, bromeliads, cacti, clivias, cymbidium, epiphyllum, ferns, figs, more than 200 orchids, palms, and rhododendrons. It also contains a rotating exhibit of floral displays that generally features between 300-500 blooming plants at any given time.</p><br>
<p>The conservatory was featured in several scenes in the 1992 film The Hand that Rocks the Cradle, starring Annabella Sciorra and Rebecca De Mornay and directed by Curtis Hanson.</p><br>
<p>Lotta&#39;s fountain is a fountain at the intersection of Market Street, where Geary and Kearny Streets connect in downtown San Francisco, California.</p><br>
<p>It was commissioned by actress Lotta Crabtree in 1875 as a gift to the city of San Francisco, and would serve as a significant meeting point in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cast-iron fountain, commissioned by actress Lotta Crabtree as a gift to the city, was dedicated September 9, 1875. During its centennial it was designated both a San Francisco Designated Landmarks and the USA National Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>A plaque commemorates its role as a meeting point in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Another plaque mentions the opera soprano Luisa Tetrazzini, who gave a memorable performance for the people of San Francisco at the fountain on Christmas Eve, 1910, after legal difficulties prevented her from appearing on stage. The bronze column was added in 1916 to match the height of new lights being installed along Market Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 it was relocated slightly from its original location at 3rd, Market and Kearny during the renovation of Market Street and brought into alignment with the "Path of Gold" streetlamps. In 1999 the fountain was refurbished, shortened back to its 1875 appearance, and repainted a metallic gold-brown. Its lion&#39;s-head spigots flow during daytime hours.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, a commemoration of the earthquake was started that still occurs annually. The South of Market Boys, a fraternal drinking organization, hung a wreath on the fountain. Since then, survivors of the earthquake gathered at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 at the intersection. After the 2015 anniversary, the last two survivors of the earthquake died. In 2016, more than 200 participants, many in period costuming, gathered to commemorate victims of the earthquake and to draw attention to earthquake preparedness.</p><br>
<p>The Freehand New York Hotel is located at 23 Lexington Avenue  in Gramercy Park, Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located adjacent to the Baruch College and School of Visual Arts campuses, the hotel was opened in 1928 as the George Washington Hotel. At different times it has been used both as a brothel and as a boot-legging house during Prohibition.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the hotel was raided by the police. For a period of time the building was in receivership; its demolition was prevented by support from a local historical society. The hotel was later purchased at auction, and space was leased to not-for-profit Educational Housing Services in the mid-1990s. Much of the space was under sublease to the School of Visual Arts except for apartments still occupied by original (non-student) tenants who pay stabilized rent, and who are still protected under NYC rent laws. SVA broke the sublease and built a new dorm on 24th Street in mid-2016. The ground lease for the property was bought by investment firm Alliance Bernstein in 2016. The company developed the property into a hotel which is now known as the Freehand/New York.</p><br>
<p>In 2019 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>The building was occupied by many famous writers, musicians, and poets. These include W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, who lived there in the 1930s; Auden even dedicated a poem to the hotel. Another was Keith Haring, who lived in the building as a student at SVA.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, Minoru Yamasaki and a team of architects drafted the early plans for the World Trade Center in a suite at the George Washington. From 1975 until his death in 1979 Al Hodge, who played Captain Video in the popular children&#39;s 1950s TV series, lived in an inexpensive rental unit in the hotel. In the 1990s Dee Dee Ramone occupied a room there, as did playwright Jeffrey Stanley and comedian Judah Friedlander.</p><br>
<p>The Bullock-Clifton House is a historic home in the Deer Park neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is the oldest known surviving wood-frame structure in Jefferson County. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built as a manor house for the surrounding farm, which was a 30 acre truck farm by the early 20th century. The house was built in two sections, typical of a farmhouse of its age. The first was built in 1834 in the Federal style, facing northward towards the Ohio River. This reflected the early rural nature of the area, before the Bardstown Turnpike, a quarter mile to the east, was nothing more than an unpaved trail. In 1873, the Federal facade was removed along with the eastern portion of the house when the signature Italianate/Eastlake facade was built facing east towards the Bardstown Turnpike, which was by this time the focal point of the area.</p><br>
<p>The older portion of the house was built by William Bullock, a politician, judge and philanthropist. As a member of the Kentucky General Assembly Bullock introduced legislation to establish what became the public school system in Kentucky. His most important achievement as a politician was securing an endowment for the Kentucky School for the Blind in 1841. In 1834, he purchased 79 acre of land from William Pope and constructed the house.</p><br>
<p>Bullock sold the property in 1839 to Francis Thornton, a minister.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The front, newer, portion of the house is 2½ stories high, with a distinctive octagonal tower rising up for a fourth level cupola.</p><br>
